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Katse ya maoto a mantsho

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Katse ya Maoto a mantsho

Katse ya maoto a mantsho (Felis nigripes), e gape e bidiwang katse e e nang le marontho a mannye, ke katse e nnye go gaisa tsotlhe ya naga mo Aforika, e e nang le boleele jwa tlhogo le mmele jwa dicentimetara di le masome a mararo le botlhano go ya go tse masome a matlhano le bobedi (14–20 in). Go sa kgathalesege leina la yone, ke fela ditlhako tsa dinao tsa yone tse di ntsho kgotsa tse di borokwa jo bontsho. Ka mebala ya yone e mennye e ebogale le meralo mo boboeng jwa yone , e iphitlha sentle, segolobogolo mo bosigong fa g o na le ngwedi. E na le meralo e metsho e e tswang mo dikhutlong tsa matlho go bapa le marama, mme mogatla wa yone o o nang le dithapo o na le ntlha e ntsho.

Katse ya ntlha ya maoto a mantsho e e itsiweng ke maranyane e ne ya bonwa kwa bokone jwa Karoo kwa Afrika Borwa mme ya tlhalosiwa ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobobedu le masome a mabedi le bone. E fitlhelwa thata mo dithabeng tse di omeletseng le mo dithabeng tsa bojang tsa Afrika Borwa. E kwadilwe kwa borwa jwa Botswana, mme ke direkoto di le mmalwa fela tse di boammaaruri tse di leng teng kwa Namibia, kwa borwa jwa Angola le kwa borwa jwa Zimbabwe. Ka ntlha ya go anamisiwa ga yona go go lekanyeditsweng, e kwadilwe jaaka mofuta o o kotsi mo Lenaaneng le Lehibidu la IUCN fa e sale ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bobedi . Go belaelwa gore palo ya yona e a fokotsega ka ntlha ya go tsomiwa ga mefuta ya diphologolo tse di bolawang go jewa ke batho jaaka nama ya sekgwa, pogiso, dikotsi tsa pharakano, le go jewa ke dintša tse di disang.

Katse e e maoto a mantsho e ntse e ithutiwa ka go dirisa radio telemetry fa e sa le ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le boraro . Patlisiso eno e ne ya dira gore go kgonege go ela tlhoko ka tlhamalalo boitshwaro jwa yone mo lefelong la yone la tlholego. Gantsi e ikhutsa mo mesimeng motshegare mme e tsome bosigo. E tsamaya magareng ga dikilometara di le tlhano go ya go tse lesome le borataro (3 le 10 mi) ka palo e batla dipeba tse dinnye le dinonyane. E ja ditshedi tse di farologaneng tse di nang le lerapo la mokwatla di le masome a mane mme e bolaya diphologolo tse dinnye di ka nna lesome lebone bosigo bongwe le bongwe. E kgona go tshwara dinonyane fa di fofa, e tlolela kwa bogodimong jwa 1.4 m (5 ft), mme gape e tlhasela diamusi le dinonyane tse di bokete thata go e feta. E namagadi gantsi e tsala dikatse tse pedi ka nako ya selemo sa Southern Hemisphere magareng ga kgwedi ya Phalane le Mopitlwe. Di kgwesiwa fa di le dikgwedi di le pedi mme di kgona go ikemela ka nosi morago ga dikgwedi di le nne tsa dingwaga tsa bosheng.

Tsamaiso ya diphologolo le phylogeny

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Leina la maranyane la Felis nigripes le ne la dirisiwa ke motlhotlhomisi wa British William John Burchell ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a mabedi le bone fa a ne a tlhalosa mofuta ono go ikaegilwe ka matlalo a dikatse tse dinnye, tse di marontho tse a neng a kopana le tsone gaufi le Litákun (e jaanong e itsiweng jaaka Dithakong), mo Aforika Borwa.[1]Felis (Microfelis) nigripes thomasi e ne ya tshitshinngwa jaaka mofutapotlana ke moithuta-maamusi wa Aforikaborwa Guy C. Shortridge ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo le bongwe, yo o neng a tlhalosa matlalo a dikatse tsa maoto a mantsho a a neng a kokoantswe kwa Griqualand Bophirima a a neng a le mantsho go feta a mofutapotlana o o tlhophilweng.[2] Fa moitsaanape wa Borithane Reginald Innes Pocock a ne a sekaseka matlalo a dikatse mo kokoanyong ya Musiamo wa ditso ya Tlhago, kwa Lontone, o ne a tlhomamisa gore katse e e maoto a mantsho ke mofuta wa Felis.[3]

Boammaaruri jwa mofutapotlana bo ne bo belaediwa ka gonne ga go na dikgoreletsi tsa thutafatshe tse di tsamaelanang le dipharologano tse di lemogilweng tse di leng teng fa gare ga dipalopalo.[4] Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bosupa , Setlhopha sa Baitseanape ba Dikatse sa IUCN se ne sa tlhabolola thulaganyo ya dikatse tsa felid mme sa lemoga gore katse ya maoto a mantsho e ka tswa e le mofuta o o nang le mofuta o le mongwe fela.[5]

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Tshekatsheko ya phylogenetic ya DNA ya nyutlelia go tswa mo mefuteng yotlhe ya Felidae e senotse gore marang a tsona a thutotlhagelelo a simolotse kwa Asia ka Miocene mo e ka nnang dingwaga di le dimilione di le 14.45 go ya go di le 8.38 tse di fetileng.[6][7] Tshekatsheko ya DNA ya mitochondrial ya mefuta yotlhe ya Felidae e supa gore e ne ya phatsima dingwaga di ka nna dimilione di le 16.76 go ya go di le 6.46 tse di fetileng.[8]

Katse ya maoto a mantsho ke karolo ya losika lwa thutotlhagelelo lo go akanyetswa gore lo fapogile ka lotsalo go tswa mo mogologolwaneng yo o tshwanang wa mefuta yotlhe ya Felis dingwaga di ka nna dimilione di le 4.44 go ya go di le 2.16 tse di fetileng, go ikaegilwe ka tshekatsheko ya DNA ya tsona ya nyutlea.[6] [7]Tshekatsheko ya DNA ya bona ya mitochondrial e supa pharologano ya dijini tsa mefuta ya Felis dingwaga di ka nna dimilione di le 6.52 go ya go di le 1.03 tse di fetileng.[8] Dikai ka bobedi di dumalana ka katse ya sekgwa (F. chaus) e le mofuta wa ntlha wa Felis o o neng wa fapoga, mme wa latelwa ke katse ya maoto a mantsho.[6][8]

Masalela a masaledi a katse ya maoto a mantsho ga a ise a bonwe.[7] E ka tswa e ne ya fudugela kwa Aforika ka nako ya Pleistocene.[6] Go fuduga gono go ka tswa go ne ga tlhofofadiwa ke dipaka tse ditelele tsa maemo a a kwa tlase a lewatle fa gare ga Asia le Aforika.[8]

Cladogram e e latelang e bontsha dikamano tsa phylogenetic tsa katse ya maoto a mantsho jaaka di bonwe ka tshekatsheko ya DNA ya nyutlea:[6][7]

Dipharologantsho

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Katse e e maoto a mantsho kwa legaeng la Diphologolo la Cincinnati
Mmele wa yona o apesitswe ke marothotho a mantho le meralo.

Katse e e maoto a mantsho e na le boboa jwa tawny jo bo khurumeditsweng gotlhelele ka mabala a mantsho. Tlhogo ya yone e ntsho go feta mmele otlhe mme e le mosetlha fa godimo ga matlho. Ditedu tsa yone di tshweu, mme ditsebe tsa yone di na le meriri e e borokwa jo bontsho jo bo tlhotlhoregang. Mo molaleng le mo mokwatleng, mabala mangwe a lelefaditswe go nna methalo. Mabala a bopa methalo e e kgabaganyang mo magetleng. Maoto a kwa pele le a kwa morago a na le methalo e e sa tlhomamang. Mogatla wa yone o na le marontho a a tlhakaneng tlhogo. Dikarolo tse di kwa tlase tsa maoto di ntsho kgotsa borokwa jo bontsho.[1][9]Dipalamonwana tsa mometso di bopa di-semi-circle tse dintsho tse di farologaneng ka mmala go tswa go borokwa jo bo fifetseng go ya go rufous e e bosetlha mme di na le dintlha tse di tshesane ka rufous. Dingwe di na le mpa e tshweu e e phepa e e nang le mmala wa tawny fa e kopanang le mmala wa tawny wa matlhakore.[10] Ditsebe, matlho le molomo di na le mmala o mosweu o o bosetlha.[11]Methalo e mebedi e mentsho e tswa mo dikhutlong tsa matlho go kgabaganya marama. Ditho di farologana ka mmala wa lemorago go tswa go motlhaba le ochre e e bosetlha go ya go ochre e e fifetseng.[12] Mo karolong e e kwa bokone ya lefelo la yona, e botlhofo go feta mo karolong e e kwa borwa, kwa mabala a yona le dithapo di tlhalosiwang sentle. Dipalamonwana tse tharo tse di mo kgokgotsong di borokwa jo bohibidu go ya go bontsho, mme palamonwana ya boraro e thubegile mo bathong bangwe.[3] [9]Dithapo tse dintsho di sephara mo maotong a a kwa godimo mme di nna ditshesane go ya kwa maroong. Meriri e meleele ya balebedi ya 25 goya go 30 mm (1.0 go ya go 1.2 in) e bosetlha kwa botlaseng mme e na le dintlha tse ditshweu kgotsa tse dintsho. Boya jo bo ka fa tlase bo kitlane ka moriri o mokhutshwane le o o makhubu.[9]Boboa bo nna bokima le go nna boleele ka nako ya mariga.[11] Dipupil tsa matlho di ngotlega go nna phatlha e e emeng, jaaka mo mefuteng yotlhe ya Felis.[3] Di botala jo bo botlhofo go ya go bosetlha jo bontsho.[11]

Katse ya maoto a mantsho ke mofuta o monnye go gaisa wa dikatse mo Aforika.[13][9][14][15]Tse Dinamagadi di lekanya 33.7–36.8 cm (13.3–14.5 in) ka boleele jwa tlhogo le mmele ka mogatla o moleele wa 15.7 go ya go 17 cm (6.2 go ya go 6.7 in).Tse Ditona di magareng ga 42.5 le 50 cm (16.7 le 19.7 in) ka mogatla o moleele wa dicentimetara di le lesome le botlhano go ya go tse masome a mabedi (6-8 in). Mogatla wa yone o o mosesane o ka nna halofo ya boleele jwa tlhogo le mmele.[12] Legata la yona le lekhutshwane e bile le le kgolokwe ka boleele jwa jwa dimilimitara di le masome a supa le bosupa go ya go tse masome a robabonedi le bosupa (3.0-3.4 in) le bophara jwa dimilimitara di le masome a marari le borobabobedi go ya go tse masome a mane38 (1.5-1.6 in). Mosele wa tsebe le diphatlha tsa ditsebe di ditona go feta mo mefuteng e mentsi ya Felis. Meno a marama a boleele jwa dimilimitara di le masome a mabedi le bobedi go ya go tse masome a mabedi le boraro (0.87–0.91 in) mme meno a a kwa godimo a boleele jwa dimilimitara di le lesome (0.4 in).[3] E na le ditsebe tse dinnye tse di motsu tse di simololang ka dimilimitara si le masome a mane le botlhano go ya go tse masome a matlhano (1.8 go ya go 2.0 in) mo go tse di namagadi di le masome a mane le borataro go ya go tse masome a matlhano le bosupa (1.8 go ya go 2.2 in) mo go tse ditonanyana. Leoto la morago la dinamagadi le lekanya bogolo jwa dimilimitara di le masome a robabongwe le botlhano (3.7 in) mme la banna bogolo jwa 105 mm (4.1 in).[10][9] Boleele jwa magetla a yone bo kwa tlase ga dicentimetara di le masome a mabedi le botlhano (9.8 in).[16]Dinamagadi di bokete jwa dikilogerama di le 1.1–1.65 (2.4–3.6 lb) mme tse ditonanyana di bokete jwa dikilogerama di le 1.6–2.45 (3.5–5.4 lb).[17][11]

Katse ya naga ya Aforika (Felis lybica) e batla e le botona jo bo menaganeng gararo go feta katse ya maoto a mantsho, e na le maoto a maleele, mogatla o moleele le bontsi jwa boboa jo bo bosetlha jo bo tlwaelegileng jo bo nang le matshwao a a sa bonaleng thata. Serval (Leptailurus serval) e tshwana le katse ya maoto a mantsho ka mmala wa kobo le paterone, fela e na le ditsebe tse dikgolo ka go lekana, maoto a maleele le mogatla o moleele.[18]

Phatlalatso le bonno

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Katse ya maoto a mantsho e fitlhelwa mo Borwa jwa Aforika; go anamisiwa ga yone go lekanyeditswe thata go feta dikatse tse dingwe tse dinnye mo kgaolong eno.[19] Motlhala wa yona o simolola kwa Aforika Borwa go ya kwa bokone go tsena kwa borwa jwa Botswana, kwa e kwadilweng teng kwa bofelong jwa dingwaga tsa bo sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro.[10] E kwadisitswe gape kwa Namibia, kwa borwa jo bo feteletseng jwa Angola le kwa borwa jwa Zimbabwe. Ga go kgonagale gore e ka diragala kwa Lesotho le kwa Eswatini.[1] E nna mo di-savanna tse di bulegileng, tse di omileng le mo ditlhatshana tse di omileng go sekae kwa Karoo le kwa borwabophirima jwa Kalahari ka bojang jo bokhutshwane, khurumetso e e kwa tlase ya ditlhatshana, le ditlhopha tse di gasameng tsa ditlhatshana tse di kwa tlase le bojang jo bo kwa godimo.[10] Palogare ya pula ya ngwaga le ngwaga mo kgaolong e e simolola ka lekgolo go ya go di makgolo a matlhano a di milimitara (3.9 go ya go 19.7 in).[9] [11]Mo kgaolong ya Drakensberg, e ne ya kwalwa kwa godimo ga dimetara di le dikete tse pedi (maoto a le 6 600).[9]

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Katse e tona ya maoto a mantsho e ikhuditse
Katse e e maoto a mantsho e e khurumeditsweng

Katse ya maoto a mantsho e nna bosigo mme gantsi e nna e le nosi, ntle le fa tse di namagadi di tlhokomela dikatse tse di ikaegileng ka tsone.[10][16] E fetsa letsatsi e ikhutsa mo dithoteng tsa dintlhwa tse di nang le dikhuti le khurumetso e e kitlaneng mo mesimeng e e sa nniweng ya ditshenekegi tsa Aforika Borwa (Pedetes capensis), ditshenekegi (Orycteropus afer), le dikolobe tsa kwa Kapa (Hystrix africaeaustralis). E epa ka maatla go atolosa kgotsa go fetola mesima eno gore e nne le tshireletso. Fa letsatsi le sena go phirima, e tlhagelela go ya go tsoma.[4] E batla botshabelo fa e kgorelediwa go sekae fela mme gantsi e dirisa dithota tsa dintlhwa go ikhurumetsa kgotsa go tsala bana ba yone. Fa e tsenngwa mo sekhutlong, e a iphemela ka bogale. Ka ntlha ya mokgwa o le bopelokgale jwa yona, e bidiwa miershooptier mo dikarolong tsa Karoo ya Aforika Borwa, e e kayang ‘nkwe ya tshoswane’. Tlhamane nngwe ya Ba-San e bolela gore katse e e maoto a mantsho e ka bolaya thutlwa ka go phunya molala wa yone. Go feteletsa dilo gono go ikaeletse go gatelela bopelokgale le go tlhomama ga yone.[20]

Go farologana le dikatse tse dingwe tse dintsi, ga e kgone go palama ditlhare sentle, ka mmele wa yone o o nonofileng le mogatla o mokhutshwane go akanngwa gore ga di a siama go palama ditlhare.[21] Le fa go ntse jalo, katse e le nngwe ya maoto a mantsho e ne ya lemogiwa mme ya tsewa senepe e ikhutsitse mo dikaleng tse di kwa tlase tsa setlhare sa kamela (Vachellia erioloba).[22]

E namagadi e kailakaila mo lefelong le le magareng la legae la 6.23–15.53 km2 (2.41–6.00 sq mi) ka ngwaga, mme e tona e e nnang mo lefelong la 19.44–23.61 km2 (7.51–9.12 sq mi). Moralo wa e tona e e godileng o kopana le mefuta ya namagadi e le nngwe go ya go tse nne. E dirisa go tshwaya monko mo setlhopheng sotlhe sa yone.[17]Dinamagadi tse di amogelang di ne tsa lemogwa di gasa moroto go fitlha go makgetlo a le masome a mane le bongwe mo karolong e e boleele jwa dimetara di le makgolo a marataro le masome a robabobedi le botlhano (2,250 ft). Ba ne ba sa gasetse thata ka nako ya boimana.[23] Mefuta e mengwe ya go tshwaya monko e akaretsa go itlotsa dilo, go tlhotlhora ka manala le go baya mantle mo mafelong a a bonalang. Medumo ya yone e kwa godimo go feta ya dikatse tse dingwe tse di lekanang le yone, go akanngwa gore e dira gore medumo e utlwiwe mo dikgaolong tse dikgolo. Le fa go ntse jalo, fa di le gaufi le tse dingwe, di dirisa di- purr kgotsa di- gurgle tse di didimetseng; fa e tshosediwa, e a tlhotlhora le go rora.[17] Bagolo ba tsamaya ka palogare ya dikilometara di le 8.42 ± 2.09 (5.23 ± 1.30 mi) ka bosigo go batla diphologotswana.[24] Go thata go e sekaseka ka ntlha ya go bo e le sephiri thata; mo godimo ga moo, e na le go tsamaya ka bonako e sa dirise ditsela kgotsa ditselana jaaka dikatse tse dingwe. Mo Aforika Borwa, kitlano ya 0.17/km2 (0.44/sekwere sa miele) e ne ya akanyediwa kwa Benfontein gaufi le Kimberley ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borobabobedi go ya go wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe , e e neng ya wela go 0.08/km2 (0.2/sekwere sa miele) ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedile botlhanogo ya go ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone . batho ka bongwe ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabongwe go fitlha ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone e ne e le 0.06/km2 (0.16/sq mi). Tseno e ka tswa e ne e le kitlano e e kwa godimo e e sa tlwaelegang, ka ge mafelo ka bobedi a na le maemo a bosa a a siameng le a taolo, fa palo ya batho ba ba mo mafelong a a sa siamang e ka nna gaufi le 0.03/km2 (0.08/sq mi).[17]

Go tsoma le dijo

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Katse ya maoto a mantsho e tshwere peba

Katse ya maoto a mantsho e tsoma bosigo go sa kgathalesege maemo a bosa, go le mogote o wa lesome go ya go masome a mararo le botlhano (14 go ya go 95 °F). E tlhasela phofu ya yona go tswa kwa morago, e baya maoto a yona a a kwa pele mo matlhakoreng a yona mme e ground phofu e dirisa manala a yona a monyo. E dirisa ditsela tse tharo tse di farologaneng tsa go tsoma: "go tsoma ka bonako", "go tsoma ka bonya", le go tsoma ga "nna o eme". Mo tsomong e e bonako, e tsamaya ka lobelo lwa 2 goya go 3 km/h (1.2 go ya go 1.9 mph) mme e leleka diphologolo go tswa mo khurumelong ya dimela. Ka nako ya go tsoma ka bonya, e latela phofu ka lobelo lwa 0.5 go ya go 0.8 km/h (0.3 go ya go 0.5 mph), e dikologa ka kelotlhoko mo bojannyeng le go tlhola tikologo ya yone ka kelotlhoko fa e ntse e retolola tlhogo ya yone go ya kwa letlhakoreng le lengwe.[5] E tsamaya magareng ga 5 le 16 km (3 le 10 mi) ka palogare e batla dipeba tse dinnye le dinonyane, bontsi jwa tsone di tsamaya ka didiko tse dinnye le go zig-zag mo gare ga ditlhatshana le dithota tsa dintlhwa.[25]Mo tsomong ya "dula o lete", e leta phofu e sa tshikinyege fa pele ga lefelo la dipeba, ka dinako dingwe e tswetse matlho. Ditsebe tsa yone di nna di tsamaya, mme e bula matlho fela fa e utlwa modumo.[5]

Ka ntlha ya bogolo jwa yona jo bonnye, katse ya maoto a mantsho e tsoma thata diphologolo tse dinnye jaaka dipeba le dinonyane tse dinnye, fela gape e tsoma mo Cape hare (Lepus capensis), ka e le bokete go feta yona. Tlhokego ya yona ya maatla e kwa godimo thata, ka bokana ka makgolo a mabedi le botlhano go ya go 300 g (9 go ya go 11 oz) ya diphologolo tse di jewang bosigo bongwe le bongwe, e leng mo e ka nnang nngwetharong ya bokete jwa mmele wa yona jo bo magareng.[26] E kgona go kgotsofatsa ditlhokego tsa yona tsa metsi tsa letsatsi le letsatsi ka phofu ya yona, fela e nwa metsi fa a le teng.[12]

Dikatse tsa maoto a mantsho di lemogilwe go leka go tshwara ditshedi tse di nang le lerapo la mokwatla di le lesome mo diureng di le tlhano tsa go tsoma, ka palogare ya maiteko a le marataro a a atlegileng.[5] Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le boraro, katse e namagadi le e tonanyana e e maoto a mantsho e ne ya latelwa diura di le makgolo a marataro le masome a mabedi le bobedi mme ya ela tlhoko fa e tsoma. Ba ne ba tshwara ditshedi tse di nang le lerapo la mokwatla metsotso mengwe le mengwe e le masome a matlhano mme ba bolaya diphologolo tse dinnye di ka nna lesome le bone mo bosigong bo le bongwe. Di ne di bolaya di- shrew le dipeba ka go di loma mo molaleng kgotsa mo tlhogong mme di di ja gotlhelele. Ba ne ba latela dinonyane ka tidimalo, ba latelwa ke go lelekisa ka bonako le go tlolela kwa bogodimong jwa 1.4 m (4 ft 7 in) le go feta sekgala sa 2 m (6 ft 7 in), gape ba tshwara dingwe mo moweng. Ba ne ba di gogela kwa tlase fa fatshe mme ba ja dinonyane tse dinnye tse di tshwanang le nonyane ya kwa Kapa (Mirafra apiata) le nonyane ya direthe tsa dintlhana (Chersomanes albofasciata) kwa ntle ga go kgetla. Ba ne ba kgetla dinonyane tse dikgolo jaaka korhaan e ntsho ya bokone (Afrotis afraoides), ba ja diura di le mmalwa, ba fitlha masalela mo dikhuting mme ba a khurumetsa ka motlhaba.[25] Dikonyana tse di sa tswang go tsalwa tsa springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis) di nna di iphitlhile ka tidimalo mo lehuting kgotsa ka fa tlase ga sekgwa malatsi a le mmalwa a ntlha a matshelo a tsona.[27] E tonanyana e ne ya thula kwanyana e e neng e ikhutsitse mo bojannyeng, mme ya tlogela go tsoma morago ga gore kwanyana e eme ka dinao. Moragonyana e ne ya tlhotlhora setopo sa nku e e neng e sa tswa go swa e e neng e le bokete jwa dikilogerama di ka nna 3 (6.6 lb). E ne e ja nama e e ka nnang 120 g (0.26 lb) mo go nngwe le nngwe ya ditlhaselo di le mmalwa tsa go ja, e simolola kwa diropeng, e dira tsela ya yone go tswa kwa tlase ga mokwatla go feta mo matlhakoreng go ya kwa molaleng; moragonyana e ne ya bula sehuba mme ya ja dirwe tse di kafa teng. Ditshenekegi tse di jaaka dintlhwa tsa barobi, ditsie le diboko di ne di dira bokana ka 2% ya bontsi jwa diphologolo tse di jewang.[25] Ka kakaretso go ne ga supiwa mefuta e le masome a matlhano le bone ya diphofu tsa katse e e maoto a mantsho, mme peba ya gerbil (Malacothrix typica) e ne e le nngwe ya diphofu tsa yone tse di botlhokwa thata. Palogare ya diphologotswana tsa yona e bokete jwa 24.1 g (0.85 oz) ka diamusi tse dinnye tse di bopang setlhopha sa diphologolo tse di botlhokwa thata, e latelwa ke diamusi tse dikgolo tse di bokete jwa go feta 100 g (3.5 oz) le dinonyane tse dinnye.[28]

Go tsala le botshelo

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Mo botshwarong, dikatse tse ditonanyana tsa maoto a mantsho di gola ka thobalano fa di le dikgwedi di le robongwe, mme tse di namagadi fa di le dikgwedi di le supa.[5] Oestrus ya tsona e tsaya diura di ka nna masome a mararo le borataro, ​​mme boimana bo tsaya malatsi a le masome a marataro le boraro go ya go tse masome a marataro le borobabobedi.[29] E namagadi e tsala go fitlha go di-litter di le pedi ka ngwaga ka nako ya selemo sa Southern Hemisphere magareng ga kgwedi ya Phalane le ya Mopitlwe. Gantse e tsala katsana e le nngwe kgotsa di le pedi, mo mabakeng a a sa tlwaelegang gape le dikatse di le nne.[5]

Dikatse tsa naga tse di namagadi tsa maoto a mantsho tse di neng tsa lemogiwa kwa nageng di ne di amogela go nyalana diura di le tlhano go ya go di le lesome fela, mme seno se ne se tlhoka gore tse ditonanyana di di bone ka bonako. Tse ditonanyana di lwela go fitlhelela tse di namagadi. Go tlhakanela dikobo go diragala mo e ka nnang metsotso mengwe le mengwe e le masome a mabedi go ya go e le masome a matlhano.[17]

Dikatse di bokete jwa digram di le masome a marataro go ya go di le masome a robabongwe le boraro (2.1 go ya go 3.3 oz) fa di tsalwa; di tsholwa di foufetse e bile di sa kgone go dira sepe, le fa gone di kgona go gagaba morago ga diura di le mmalwa fela. Matlho a tsona a bulega ka malatsi a le mararo go ya go a le lesome, mme meno a tsona a a tlhotlhoregang a thubega fa di le dibeke di le pedi go ya go di le tharo. Mo kgweding e le nngwe, di tsaya dijo tse di tiileng, mme di kgwesiwa fa di le dikgwedi di le pedi. Meno a tsone a sennela ruri a tswa fa di le malatsi a le lekgolo le masome a mane le borobabobedi go ya go a le lekgolo le masome a matlhano le borobabobedi.[5]

Dinamagadi tse di tshwerweng di ne tsa lemogiwa di leka go sutisetsa dikatse tsa tsone kwa lefelong le lesha la go iphitlha malatsi mangwe le mangwe a le marataro go ya go a le lesome morago ga beke ya go tsalwa ga tsone, kgapetsakgapetsa thata go feta dikatse tse dingwe tse dinnye. Di kgona go tsamaya mo dibekeng tse pedi mme di simolole go palama fa di le dibeke di le tharo.[29] Kwa nageng, dikatsenyana di tsalelwa mo dikhuting tsa springhare tsa Aforika Borwa kgotsa mo dithoteng tsa dintlhwa tse di khuti. Go tloga fa di na le malatsi a le manè go ya pele, mmè o tlogela dikatse tsa gagwe di le tsosi go fitlha go diura di le lesome masigo. Fa di na le dibeke di le thataro, di kgona go tsamaya ka bonako mme di tswa mo lesageng kgapetsakgapetsa. Dikatsenyana le tse dinnye tse di ikemetseng di mo kotsing ya go nna diphologolo tse dingwe tse di jang nama jaaka phokoje e e nang le mokwatla o montsho (Canis mesomelas), diphokoje tse di nang le mokwatla o montsho (Caracal caracal) le diphokoje tse di jang nama tsa bosigo.[30] Di kgona go ikemela ka nosi morago ga dikgwedi di le tharo go ya go di le nne mme di na le tlwaelo ya go nna mo lefelong la legae la ga mmaatsone. Dikatse tse di nang le maoto a mantsho tse di tshwerweng di ka tshela dingwaga di le lesome le botlhano le dikgwedi di le tharo.[12]

Malwetse

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Dikatse tse di tshwerweng le tse di tsamayang ka kgololesego tse di nang le maoto a mantsho ka bobedi di bontsha go anama go go kwa godimo ga AA amyloidosis, e e bakang dithulaganyo tsa go ruruga tse di sa foleng mme gantsi e felela ka go palelwa ke go dira ga diphilo le loso.[5][31]Dikatse tsa naga tse di nang le maoto a mantsho di ka tshelanwa bonolo ke malwetse a a tshelanwang go tswa mo dintšeng tsa mo gae le dikatse.[32]

Matshosetsi

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Matshosetsi a a itsegeng a akaretsa mekgwa ya taolo ya diphologolo tse di jang ditshedi tse dingwe ka go sa tlhaole, jaaka go tsenngwa botlhole ka phepiso le dirai tsa steel-jaw, tshenyo ya bonno go tswa mo go fuleng go feta selekanyo, go fokotsega ga palo ya di-springhare tsa Aforika Borwa, go ja diphologolo tse dingwe mo teng ga setlhopha, malwetse, le mekgwa e e sa tshwanelang ya temothuo. Dikatse di le mmalwa tse di nang le maoto a mantsho di bolailwe ke dintša tse di disang. Bontsi jwa mafelo a a sireleditsweng a ka nna mannye thata go ka somarela ka mo go lekaneng ditlhophapotlana tse di ka tshelang.

Tshomarelo

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Katse ya maoto a mantsho e kwadilwe mo lenaaneng la Mametlelelo I la CITES mme e sireleditswe mo bontsing jwa lefelo la yone go akaretsa le Botswana le Aforika Borwa, kwa go tsomiwang go leng kgatlhanong le molao gone.[1]

Patlisiso

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Setlhopha sa Tiro sa Dikatse tsa Maoto a Mantsho se dira porojeke ya patlisiso kwa Lefelong la Tlhago la Benfontein le kwa Polasing ya Nuwejaarsfontein gaufi le Kimberley, Kapa Bokone.[33] Ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele,ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bobedi , porojeke e e ne ya atolosediwa kwa Polaseng ya Biesiesfontein e e mo kgaolong ya Victoria Bophirima.[34] Magareng ga ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bobedi le ngwaga wa masome a mabedi le lesome le borobabobedi, dikatse di le masome a marataro le botlhano tsa maoto a mantsho di ne tsa tsenngwa dikholara tsa radio mme tsa latelwa ka nako e telele go tokafatsa go tlhaloganya ka ga thulaganyo ya tsona ya loago, bogolo le tiriso ya mefuta ya tsona ya magae, maitsholo a go tsoma le popego ya dijo tsa tsona.[35] Dirai tsa dikhamera di dirisiwa go ela tlhoko maitsholo a dikatse tse di nang le maoto a mantsho tse di nang le kholara ya radio le tirisanommogo ya tsone le diphiri tsa tlhogo (Proteles cristatus).[36]

Mo botshwarong

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Lefelo la Diphologolo la Wuppertal le ne sa bona dikatse tsa maoto a mantsho ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano le bosupa, mme sa atlega go di tsadisa ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le boraro. Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le boraro, go ne ga tlhamiwa Thulaganyo ya Mefuta ya Ditshedi e e Kotsing ya go Nyelela ya Yuropa go gokaganya gore ke diphologolo dife tse di tshwanelang go kopanngwa go boloka mefutafuta ya dijini le go tila go tsadisana. Buka ya Boditšhabatšhaba ya Katse ya Maoto a Mantsho e ne e beilwe kwa Serapeng sa Diphologolo sa Wuppertal kwa Jeremane.[37] Go tloga ka kgwedi ya Phukwi ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bongwe, go ne go na le direkoto tse di tletseng tsa paloyothe ya dikatse di le makgolo a supa le masome a mabedi le borataro tse di tshwerweng fa e sale ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le bone ; lefatshe ka bophara, batho ba le masome a supa le bone ba ne ba bewa mo ditheong di le masome a mabedi le boraro kwa Jeremane, United Arab Emirates, US, UK, le Aforika Borwa.[38]

Dirapa tsa diphologolo di le mmalwa di begile katlego ya go tsala, go akaretsa le Lefelo la diphologolo la Cleveland, [39] Lefelo la Diphologolo la Fresno,[40] Lefelo la diphologolo la Brookfield,[41]le Lefelo la diphologolo la Philadelphia.[42]

Setheo sa Tlhago sa Audubon sa Patlisiso ka Mefuta e e mo Kotsing ya go Nyelela se dira ka dijini tse di gatetseng pele tse di akaretsang dikatse.[43] Ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bongwe , namagadi e e neng e beilwe koo e ne ya tsala dikatse tse pedi tse ditonanyana – dikatse tsa ntlha tsa maoto a mantsho tse di neng tsa tsalwa ka ntlha ya go nontshiwa ga in vitro go dirisiwa peo ya bonna e e gatseditsweng le e e gakolositsweng le di-embryo tse di gatseditsweng le tse di gakolositsweng. Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le boraro , peo ya bonna e ne ya tsewa mo go e tona mme morago ga moo ya gatsediwa. E ne ya dirisiwa go nontsha lee ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le botlhano , go tlhama di-embryo tse di neng tsa gakololwa mme tsa fetisediwa kwa namagading e e emelang ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome . Namagadi e ne ya rwala di-embryo go fitlha kwa nakong mme ya tsala dikatse tse pedi.[44]Setheo sone se begile gore ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole e tlhola borataro ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bobedi, katsana ya katse e e namagadi ya maoto a mantsho, Crystal, e ne ya tsholwa ke moemedi wa katse ya mo gae morago ga go fetisiwa ga lesea le le mo mefuteng e e farologaneng.[45]

Metswedi

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
  1. 1 2 Burchell, W. J. (1824). "Felis nigripes". Travels in the Interior of Southern Africa. Vol. II. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green. p. 592. Archived from the original on 19 July 2023. Retrieved 29 April 2020
  2. ↑ Shortridge, G. C. (1931). "Felis (Microfelis) nigripes thomasi subsp. nov". Records of the Albany Museum. 4 (1): 119–120.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Pocock, R. I. (1951). "Felis nigripes Burchell". Catalogue of the genus Felis. London: British Museum (Natural History). pp. 145–150.
  4. 1 2 Olbricht, G. & Sliwa, A. (1997). "In situ and ex situ observations and management of black-footed cats Felis nigripes". International Zoo Yearbook. 35 (35): 81–89. doi:10.1111/j.1748-1090.1997.tb01194.x
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Kitchener, A. C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Eizirik, E.; Gentry, A.; Werdelin, L.; Wilting, A.; Yamaguchi, N.; Abramov, A. V.; Christiansen, P.; Driscoll, C.; Duckworth, J. W.; Johnson, W.; Luo, S.-J.; Meijaard, E.; O'Donoghue, P.; Sanderson, J.; Seymour, K.; Bruford, M.; Groves, C.; Hoffmann, M.; Nowell, K.; Timmons, Z. & Tobe, S. (2017). "A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group" (PDF). Cat News (Special Issue 11): 13. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 July 2018. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 Johnson, W. E.; Eizirik, E.; Pecon-Slattery, J.; Murphy, W. J.; Antunes, A.; Teeling, E. & O'Brien, S. J. (2006). "The late miocene radiation of modern Felidae: A genetic assessment". Science. 311 (5757): 73–77. Bibcode:2006Sci...311...73J. doi:10.1126/science.1122277. PMID 16400146. S2CID 41672825. Archived from the original on 4 October 2020. Retrieved 29 August 2020.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Werdelin, L.; Yamaguchi, N.; Johnson, W. E. & O'Brien, S. J. (2010). "Phylogeny and evolution of cats (Felidae)". In Macdonald, D. W. & Loveridge, A. J. (eds.). Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 59–82. ISBN 978-0-19-923445-5. Archived from the original on 25 September 2018. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
  8. 1 2 3 4 Li, G.; Davis, B. W.; Eizirik, E. & Murphy, W. J. (2016). "Phylogenomic evidence for ancient hybridization in the genomes of living cats (Felidae)". Genome Research. 26 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1101/gr.186668.114. PMC 4691742. PMID 26518481.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Mills, M. G. L. (2005). "Felis nigripes Burchell, 1824 (Black-footed cat)". In Skinner, J. D.; Chimimba, C. T. (eds.). The Mammals of the Southern African Subregion (3rd ed.). Cape Town: Cambridge University Press. pp. 405–408. ISBN 978-0-521-84418-5.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 Smithers, R. N. H. (1971). "Felis nigripes Blackfooted Cat". The Mammals of Botswana. Pretoria: University of Pretoria. pp. 128–130.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 Sliwa, A. (2013). "Felis nigripes Black-footed cat". In Kingdon, J.; Happold, D.; Hoffmann, M.; Butynski, T.; Happold, M.; Kalina, J. (eds.). Mammals of Africa. Vol. V. Carnivores, Pangolins, Equids and Rhinoceroses. London, New Delhi, New York, Sydney: Bloomsbury. pp. 203–206. ISBN 978-1-4081-8994-8.
  12. 1 2 3 4 Guggisberg, C. A. W. (1975). "Black-footed Cat Felis nigripes (Burchell, 1842)". Wild Cats of the World. New York: Taplinger Publishing. pp. 40–42. ISBN 978-0-8008-8324-9.
  13. ↑ Guggisberg, C. A. W. (1975). "Black-footed Cat Felis nigripes (Burchell, 1842)". Wild Cats of the World. New York: Taplinger Publishing. pp. 40–42. ISBN 978-0-8008-8324-9.
  14. ↑ Sunquist, M. & Sunquist, F. (2002). "Black-footed cat Felis nigripes (Burchell, 1824)". Wild Cats of the World. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 75–82. ISBN 0-226-77999-8. Archived from the original on 21 December 2022. Retrieved 8 January 2024.
  15. ↑ Renard, A.; Lavoie, M.; Pitt, J. A. & Larivière, S. (2015). "Felis nigripes (Carnivora: Felidae)". Mammalian Species. 47 (925): 78–83. doi:10.1093/mspecies/sev008.
  16. 1 2 Pringle, J.A. (1977). "The distribution of mammals in Natal. Part 2. Carnivora" (PDF). Annals of the Natal Museum. 23 (1): 93–115.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 Sliwa, A. (2004). "Home range size and social organization of black-footed cats (Felis nigripes)". Mammalian Biology. 69 (2): 96–107. doi:10.1078/1616-5047-00124.
  18. ↑ Hunter, L. (2015). "Black-footed Cat". Wild Cats of the World. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 30–33. ISBN 978-1-4729-2285-4. Archived from the original on 8 January 2024. Retrieved 5 November 2020.
  19. ↑ Nowell, K. & Jackson, P. (1996). "Black-footed cat, Felis nigripes Burchell, 1824". Wild Cats Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN Cat specialist Group. pp. 8–10.
  20. ↑ Sliwa, A. (November 2006). "Atomic Kitten: the secrets of Africa's black-footed cat". BBC Wildlife. Vol. 24, no. 12. pp. 36–40.
  21. ↑ Armstrong, J. (1977). "The development and hand-rearing of black-footed cats". In Eaton, R. L. (ed.). The World's Cats: The Proceedings of an International Symposium. Vol. 3. Oregon: Winston Wildlife Safari. pp. 71–80.
  22. ↑ Sliwa, A. (2013). "Black-footed Lightning". Africa Geographic. No. June. pp. 27–31.
  23. ↑ Molteno, A.; Sliwa, A. & Richardson, P. R. K. (1998). "The role of scent marking in a free-ranging, female black-footed cat (Felis nigripes)". Journal of Zoology. 245 (1): 35–41. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1998.tb00069.x.
  24. ↑ Sliwa, A.; Herbst, M. & Mills, M. (2010). "Black-footed cats (Felis nigripes) and African wild cats (Felis silvestris): A comparison of two small felids from South African arid lands". In Macdonald, D. & Loveridge, A. (eds.). The Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids. Oxford University Press. pp. 537–558. ISBN 978-0-19-959283-8.
  25. 1 2 3 Sliwa, A. (1994). "Diet and feeding behaviour of the Black-footed Cat (Felis nigripes Burchell, 1824) in the Kimberley Region, South Africa". Der Zoologische Garten N.F. 64 (2): 83–96.
  26. ↑ Sliwa, A. (1994). "Black-footed cat studies in South Africa". Cat News (20): 15–19.
  27. ↑ Bigalke, R.C. (1972). "Observations on the behaviour and feeding habits of the springbok, Antidorcas marsupialis". African Zoology. 7 (1): 333–359. doi:10.1080/00445096.1972.11447448. Archived from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 20 May 2020.
  28. ↑ Sliwa, A. (2006). "Seasonal and sex-specific prey composition of black-footed cats Felis nigripes". Acta Theriologica. 51 (2): 195–204. doi:10.1007/BF03192671. S2CID 46729038.
  29. ↑ Leyhausen, P. & Tonkin, B. (1966). "Breeding the black-footed cat (Felis nigripes) in captivity". International Zoo Yearbook. 6 (6): 178–182. doi:10.1111/j.1748-1090.1966.tb01744.x.
  30. ↑ Sliwa, A. (1996). "Pleasures and Worries of a Black-Footed Cat Field Study in South Africa". Cat Times. 23: 1–3.
  31. ↑ Terio, K.A.; O'Brien, T.; Lamberski, N.; Famula, T. R. & Munson, L. (2008). "Amyloidosis in black-footed cats (Felis nigripes)". Veterinary Pathology Online. 45 (3): 393–400. doi:10.1354/vp.45-3-393. PMID 18487501. S2CID 43387363.
  32. ↑ Lamberski, N.; Sliwa, A.; Wilson, B.; Herrick, J. & Lawrenz, A. (2009). "Conservation of black-footed cats (Felis nigripes) and prevalence of infectious diseases in sympatric carnivores in the Northern Cape Province, South Africa". In Wibbelt, G.; Kretzschmar, P.; Hofer, H. & Seet, S. (eds.). Proceedings of the International Conference on Diseases of Zoo and Wild Animals 2009: May 20th – 24th, 2009, Beekse Bergen. Berlin: Leibniz-Institut für Zoo- und Wildtierforschung. pp. 243–245.
  33. ↑ Sliwa, A.; Wilson, B. & Lawrenz, A. (2010). Report on surveying and catching black-footed cats (Felis nigripes) on Nuwejaarsfontein Farm / Benfontein Nature Reserve, 4–20 July 2010 (PDF) (Report). Black-footed Cat Working Group. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 30 April 2020
  34. ↑ Sliwa, A.; Wilson, B.; Lamberski, N. & Lawrenz, A. (2013). Report on surveying, catching and monitoring black-footed cats (Felis nigripes) on Benfontein Nature Reserve, Nuwejaarsfontein Farm, and Biesiesfontein in 2012 (PDF) (Report). Black-footed Cat Working Group. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 30 April 2020.
  35. ↑ Sliwa, A. (2018). "25 years of Black-footed Cat Felis nigripes field research and conservation". In Appel, A.; Mukherjee, S.; Cheyne, S. M. (eds.). Proceedings of the First International Small Wild Cat Conservation Summit, 11–14 September 2017, United Kingdom. Bad Marienberg, Germany; Coimbatore, India; Oxford, United Kingdom: Wild Cat Network, Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History, Borneo Nature Foundation. pp. 7–8.
  36. ↑ Sliwa, A.; Wilson, B.; Lawrenz, A.; Lamberski, N.; Herrick, J. & Küsters, M. (2018). "Camera trap use in the study of black-footed cats (Felis nigripes)". African Journal of Ecology. 56 (4): 895–897. Bibcode:2018AfJEc..56..895S. doi:10.1111/aje.12564. S2CID 92801273.
  37. ↑ Olbricht, G. & Schürer, U. (1994). International Studbook for the Black-footed Cat 1994. Zoologischer Garten der Stadt Wuppertal.
  38. ↑ Stadler, A. (2011). International studbook for the black-footed cat (Felis nigripes). Vol. 15. Zoologischer Garten der Stadt Wuppertal.
  39. ↑ "Press Release: Animal News: Second Litter of Black Footed Cats". Cleveland Metroparks Zoo. 2012. Archived from the original on 20 September 2013.
  40. ↑ Condoian, L. (2011). "General Meeting of the Board of Directors" (PDF). FresnoChaffeeZoo.org. Fresno Chaffee Zoo Corporation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 November 2011.
  41. ↑ Katzen, S. (2012). "Black-footed cats born: A first at Brookfield Zoo". Chicago Zoological Society. Archived from the original on 31 March 2012.
  42. ↑ Rearick, K. (2014). "Philadelphia Zoo visitors 'paws' to gush over black-footed cat kittens". South Jersey Times. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
  43. ↑ Jeffries, A. (2013). "Where cats glow green: Weird feline science in New Orleans". The Verge. Archived from the original on 21 January 2018. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  44. ↑ Burnette, S. (2011). "Rare cats born through amazing science at Audubon Center for Research of Endangered Species". AudubonInstitute.org. Audubon Nature Institute. Archived from the original on 18 February 2014.
  45. ↑ Waller, M. (2012). "Audubon center in Algiers logs another breakthrough in genetic engineering of endangered cats". NOLA.com. New Orleans Net. Archived from the original on 20 January 2018.
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