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Letlhôkô la metsi mo Aferika

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Motswedi wa metsi kwa motseng wa Mwamanogu , Tanzania. Kwa Meatu District, Kgaolo ya Shinyanga , metsi gantsi a tswa mo mafuting a a bulegileng a a epilweng mo motlhabeng o o fa tlase ga dinoka tse di omeletseng mme a ka tswa a kgotlhelesegile

Diponelopele di supa fa tlhaelo ya metsi mo kgaolong ya Aforika e tlaabo e goletse pele ka ngwaga wa 2025, go fopholeditswe gore bobedi mo borarong jwa dipalopalo tsa batho mo lefatsheng ka bophara di tla itemogela tlhaelo ya metsi a a phepha e bile a babalesegile. Tlhaelo e ya metsi e bakiwa ke kgolo e e bofefo ya dipalo tsa batho, tlhaelo ya madi le lefatshe go itepatepanya le palo ya batho e e tlhokang metsi, le phetogo ya seemo sa bosa le loapi. Tlhaelo ya metsi ke letlhoko la metsi a phepa go itepatepanya le patlo e e kwa godimo ya metsi.[1] Le ntswa kgaolo e e kwa borwa ja sekaka sa Sahara e na le motswedi o montsi wa metsi a pula, e bonwa ka dipaka dingwe mme ebile e sa ne lefelo lotlhe, se se baka merwalela le komelelo gangwe le gape.[2] Fa godimo ga foo, dikgang tsa kgolo ya itsholelo le lehuma fa di kopanngwa le kgolo ya bofefo ya palo ya batho le go fuduga ga batho go ya kwa ditoropong go bakile gore kgaolo ya borwa jwa Sahara e nne yone e e humanegileng e bile e sa tlhabologa go gaisa dikgaolo tsotlhe.[2]

Pego ya ngwaga wa 2012 e e neng e kwalwa ke ba Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, e supa fa go golela pele ga tlhaelo ya metsi e le nngwe ya sekgoreletsi se se kwa pele mo tlhabologong.[3] Se ke ka ntata ya gore mekgatsha ya dinoka e le mentsi e itemogela tlhaelo ya metsi ka patlo ya metsi ya temothuo le makalana a mangwe e tsweletse ka go golela pele. Tlhaelo ya metsi mo Aforika e amile tsa botsogo (segolo jang bomme le bana) go tsena ka tsa thuto, go ntsha maduo mo go tsa temothuo, tlhabololo le kgonagalo ya dikgogakgogano tse dingwe ka metsi.

Go baakanya kgang ya tlhaelo ya metsi mo Aforika, lekgotla la United Nations Economic Commission for Africa le gatelela botlhokwa jwa go beeletsa madi mo tlhabololong ya metswedi e e nang le kgonagalo ya go ntsha metsi mo Aforika. Se se ka tlhabolola tshireletso ya dijo le metsi le go sireletsa kgolo ya itsholelo ka go laola komelelo, merwalela le sekaka.[4]

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Basetsana ba lefelo leo ba ba tswang kwa Babile (Ethiopia) ba tlatsa dithini tsa metsi a polasetiki mo motsweding o mogolo wa metsi wa lefelo leo.

Kgaolo ya borwa jwa sekaka sa Sahara ya sub-saharan Africa, e na le palo e ntsi ya mafatshe a a tlhaelelwang ke metsi go fetisa mafelo otlhe mo lefatsheng, mo palong e e akanyediwang ya di milione di le makgolo a ferabobedi ya batho ba ba nnang mo Aforika, makgolo a le mararo a nna mo tikologong e e senang metsi.[5] Go ya ka dipatlisiso tse di boletsweng kwa bokopanong jwa ngwaga wa 2012 jwa tlhaelo ya metsi mo Aforika: mathata le dikgwetlho "Water Scarcity in Africa: Issues and Challenges", go akanyediwa fa ka ngwaga wa 2030, batho ba le dimilione di le masome a supa le botlhano go ya kwa go ba le makgolo a mabedi le botlhano jwa di milione mo Aforika ba tla bo ba nna mo dikgaolong tse di tlhaelang metsi mo go ka bakang phudugo ya batho ba ka nna di milione di le masome a mabedi le bone go ema ka ba le di milione di le makgolo a supa, ka jaana mafelo a o a tla bo a sa tlhole a nnega.[5]

Tlhaelo ya metsi ke letlhoko la metsi a a phepha go mekamekana le palo ya batho ba ba dirisang metsi. Go na le mefuta e le mebedi ya tlhaelo ya metsi: tlhaelo ya metsi ka bo one le tlhaelo ya metsi e e amanang le itsholelo. Tlhaelo ya metsi ke fa go sena metsi a a lekaneng batho ba ba a dirisang go akaretsa a a tlhokafalang gore dimela, diphologolo le tikologo di nne sentle. Mafelo a a omeletseng jaaka legare le bophirima jwa Asia le borwa jwa Aforika, gantsi a lebanwa ke tlhaelo ya metsi. Tlhaelo ya metsi e e itebagantseng le itsholelo yone ke ka lebaka la go tlhoka go beeletsa madi mo didirisiweng kgotsa maanyane go epa metsi mo melapong, maje a a ntshang metsi le metswedi e mengwe ya metsi, kgotsa tlhaelo ya batho ba ba dirisang metsi. Bophara jwa kgaolo ya borwa jwa Sahara e itemogela tlhaelo ya metsi e e amanang le itsholelo.

Go na le metsi a a phepa mo lefatsheng ka bophara a a lekaneng e bilwe go akanyediwa fa a ka lekana batho ba ba a tlhokang, Ka jalo, tlhaelo ya metsi e bakiwa ke pharologanyo gareng ga gore batho ba tlhoka metsi ba le ko kae le gore leng le gore metsi one a ko kae ebile a nna teng leng. Sengwe sa dilo tse di bakang kgolo ya batho ba ba tlhokang metsi ke kgolo ya palo ya batho mo lefatsheng, go tlhabolola seemo sa botshelo, go fetola methale ya ka fa go jewang ka teng (sekai, go ja se diphologolong di se ntshang) le go atolosa temo e e nosediwang. Phetogo ya bosa (go akaretsa merwalela le komelelo), go epiwa ga ditlhare, kgotlhelo ya metsi le go dirisa metsi botlhaswa go ka baka tlhaelo ya metsi. Tlhaelo ga e tshwane ka ntata ya go nna teng ga pula ka tlholego, mme go farologanngwa thata ke melao ya tsa itsholelo, maano le ditsela tsa go laola tiriso ga beteledipele.

Pharologano go ya ka dikgaolo

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Dikgaolo tsa bokone jwa Africa le ya Sub-Sahara di itemogela go gatela pele mo seelong sa tlhabololo sa Millennium Development Goal ka lobelo lo lo farologaneng.[2] Fa masome a ferabongwe le bobedi mo lekgolong jwa Aforika bo na le metsi a phepa, Sub-Sahara yone ke masome a le marataro fela mo lekgolong a a nang le metsi a babalesegileng go nowa - se se tlogela masome a mane mo lekgolo a batho ba le di milione di le makgolo a supa masome a ferabobedi le boraro mo kgaolong e o ba ba senang metsi.[2]

Dingwe tsa dipharologano mo go nneng teng ga metsi a a babalesegileng go nowa di bakiwa ke seemo se se maswe sa bosa sa Aforika. Le ntswa kgaolo ya Sub-Saraha e na le metsi a mantsi, a bonwa ka dipaka dingwe e bile ga a anama le lefatshe, se se baka merwalela le dikomelelo.[2] Fa godimo ga foo, tlhabologo ya itsholelo le lehuma, ga mmogo le kgolo ya palo ya batho le phudugo go ya kwa ditoropong, go bakile gore kgaolo ya borwa jwa Sahara e nne yone e e humanegileng e bile e sa tlhabologa go gaisa dikgaolo tsotlhe.[2] Ka jalo kgwetlho e ya lehuma e kgoreletsa ditoropo di le dintsi mo kgaolong go ka ntsha metsi a a babalesegileng go nowa le kgopo ya metsi a a leswe, le go hema kwelo tlase ya boleng jwa metsi le fa go nna le ditshono tsa go rarabolola mathata a a metsi.[2] Koketsego ya palo ya batho le yone e baka go oketsega ga mafelo a go nniwang mo go one a a tshabelelwang ke merwalela e bile a le borai.[2]

Pego ya mo bosheng ya SDG goal 6 e umakile dintlha di le mmalwa ka seemo sa metsi mo kgaolong ya Sub-Sahara di akaretsa go sa nneng phepa le ka go amang seemo sa dikotla bogolo jang mo baneng ka ntata ya koketsego ya malwetsi a a tshelanwang. Gape, bongwe mo borarong jwa batho ba ba nnang mo kgaolong ya Sub-Sahara ba mo kotsing ya tlala ka ntlha ya go tlhoka dijo. Kgaolo e gape e tlhaela metsi a a babalesegileng go nowa ka di peresente di le masome a supa le borataro jwa lekgolo fa 6% ya kgaolo ya Europa le Bokone jwa Amerika bo sa akarediwe.[6]

Tse di bakang tlhaelo ya metsi

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Tlhaelo ya metsi le itsholelo

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Tlhaelo ya metsi ke tlholego mme gape go dirwa ke motho.[7] Ka jalo go botlhokwa go kgaoganya ka mefuta e le mebedi: Tlhaelo ka ntata ya itsholelo, le tlhaelo ka tlholego. Tlhaelo ya itsholelo ke ka go bo go bona motswedi o o ikanyegang e bile o babalesegile wa metsi go o ja nako e bile go tura. Tlhaelo ya metsi ka tlholego yone ke fa go sena metsi a alekaneng mo kgaolong nngwe.[8]

United Nations Commission for Africa ya ngwaga wa 2006, e akanyetsa fa batho ba le di milione di le makgolo a mararo go tswa mo go ba le di milione di le makgolo a ferabobedi ba ba nnang mo kgaolong ya Aforika ba tshelela mo tikologong e e tlhaelang metsi.[4] Segolo bogolo kwa bokone jwa Aforika le borwa jwa Aforika, go ya godimo ga mogote le phetego ya seemo sa bosa go okeditse modikologo wa go na ga dipula se sa baka gore dipaka tsa komelelo di omelele go gaisa, mme ga oketsa dipaka tsa lenyora tse di tseneletseng ebile di nna kgapetsakgapetsa. Se se ama go nna teng, boleng le bontsi jwa metsi ka metsi a ile kwa tlase mo melapong le mo megobeng le go omeletsa maje a a ntshang metsi kwa bokone le borwa jwa dikgaolo tsa Aforika.

Bogolo jwa komelelo ya Aforika bo tlhalositswe mo mafelong a a farologaneng.

Ngwe ya tse di akareditsweng mo karolong ya tlhaelo ya metsi ke kgang ya go dirisiwa botlhaswa kgotsa go tlhoka go tlhokomela tiriso ya metsi. Se se ama go fokotsega ga makadiba a magolo mo Aforika, a akaretsa la Nakivale, Nakuru le lekadiba la Lake Chad, le le gonyetseng ka lesome mo lekgolong la botona jwa lone jwa pele.[9] Ka tsa melao, tlhotlheletso ya tiriso e e fetileng selekanyo ke dingwe tsa tse di tsisang tshenyo, bogolo jang fa go lebilwe go epa metsi mo lefatsheng. Mo metsing a a mo lefatsheng, fa pompo e setse e tsentswe, molao wa mafatshe ka bontsi ke go e ntsha fela fa ba lebile gore motlakase o lopa bokae le go fokotsa tlhwatlhwa ya motlakase mo go tsa temothuo, selo se se senya tsela ya go babalela didirisiwa tsa go nna jalo.[9] Fagodimo ga foo, mafatshe a le mantsi mo Aforika a isitse tlhwatlhwa ya metsi kwa tlase ga seelo, ka jalo ba sa rotloetse go dirisa metsi sentle.[9]

Phetogo ya loapi

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Go ya ka bokopano jwa Africa Partnership Forum, le ntswa Aforika e le kontinente e kwa tlase mo go tse di bakang phetogo ya loapi, ke yone kontinente e e amiwang thata ke ditlamorago tsa yone phetogo e. Go fetoga ga ka fa dipula di nang ka teng go ama temo go bo go fokotsa tshireletso ya dijo, go bo go kgotlhela tshireletso ya metsi; go fokotsa ditlhapi mo metsing ka ntlha ya mogote o montsi; go bo go fetola ka fa malwetsi a a bakiwang go lomiwa ke ditshidinyana a tsenang ka teng, go ya ko godimo ga metsi a lewatle go ama mafelo a a agetsweng kwa tlase mme a na le dipalo tse di kwa godimo tsa batho.[10] Dieemo tse di ka ama boleng le bontsi jwa metsi a bana ba a tlhokang go ka tshela.[11]

Dipatlisiso di akanyetsa fa ka ngwaga wa 20150 pula mo Sub-Saharan Africa e tla wela tlase ka lesome mo lekgolong, mo go tla baka tlhaelo ya metsi e e tseneletseng. Phokotsego e ya lesome mo lekgolong e tla fokotsa kgopo ka lesome le bosupa mo lekgolong mme mafelo a a itemogelang di milimithara di le makgolo a matlhano go ya kwa makgolo a ferabobedi a dipula a tla bona kwelo tlase ka masome a matlhano go ya kwa go le a mararo mo lekgolong mo kelelong ya metsi mo godimo ga lefatshe.[12] Pego ya Human Development e akanyetsa gape fa mogote o tla ya kwa godimo ka pula e tla bo e fokotsegile ka lesome mo lekgolong mo dikgaolong tse di mo teng ga Aforika.[9] Komelelo le merwalela di supiwa fa ele tsone tse di borai mo tlhaelong ya metsi.[13] Go thuthafala mo e tla bo e le mo go kwa godimo mo dikgaolong tse di sa itemogeleng pula e ntsi kwa Sahara, go bapa le Sahel le mafelo a a mo borwa jwa Aforika.[9]

Basadi le basetsana

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Maemo a a sa tshwaneng a basadi le banna ba Afrika a dira gore go nne le dipharologano mo maikarabelo a metsi, ditshwanelo, le go tsena, mme ka jalo basadi ba Afrika ba imelwa thata ke tlhaelo ya metsi a a phepa a a nowang. Mo ditšhabeng di le dintsi tsa Aforika, basadi ba bonwa jaaka bakgethisi, batsamaisi, le batlhokomedi ba metsi, bogolo jang mo tikologong ya mo gae e e akaretsang ditiro tsa mo gae, go apaya, go tlhatswa, le go godisa bana.[14] Ka ntlha ya ditiro tse di tlwaelegileng tsa bong, basadi ba patelesega go dirisa mo e ka nnang diperesente di le masome a marataro tsa letsatsi lengwe le lengwe go kgobokanya metsi, se se rayang gore basadi ba bereke diura di ka nna dimilione di le 200 mo lefatsheng lotlhe ka letsatsi le go fokotsega ga nako e e leng teng ya thuto.[15]

Mo basading ba Baafrika, tiro ya bone ya letsatsi le letsatsi mo go ntsheng metsi a a phepa gantsi e raya go rwala jerrycan e e tlwaelegileng e e ka nnang bokete jwa dikilogerama di le 40 fa e tletse ka palogare ya dikilometara di le thataro ka letsatsi.[16][17] Seno se na le ditlamorago tsa boitekanelo tse di jaaka go senyega ga marapo go go nnelang ruri ka ntlha ya go rwala metsi a a bokete mo mafelong a maleele letsatsi le letsatsi, se se fetolang go nna kgatelelo ya mmele e e oketsang go ngomoga pelo, nako e e okeditsweng ya go fola boitekanelo, le go fokotsega ga bokgoni jwa go ya kwa mafelong a thuto ka tsela e se ka dirwang ka yone ka mmele, mme gape le go tsaya thuto ka tlhaloganyo ka ntlha ya kgatelelo mo go direng ditshwetso le bokgoni jwa go gakologelwa.[18] Gape, go ya ka boitekanelo, go bona metsi a a babalesegileng le a a phepa a go nwa go dira gore go nne le tshireletso e kgolwane kgatlhanong le malwetse le malwetse a a anamisiwang ke metsi a a oketsang bokgoni jwa baithuti botlhe jwa go tsena sekolo.

Temothuo

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Kgato ya Ethiopia ya go tlatsa letamo la Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam e ka fokotsa go elela ga Nile ka 25% le go senya dipolase tsa Egepeto.[19]


Go ya ka UN Economic Commission for Africa le New Partnership for Africa's Development, "go nosetsa go botlhokwa thata mo go fitlheleleng tlhagiso e e okeditsweng ya temothuo e e botlhokwa mo tlhabololong ya ikonomi le go fitlhelela pabalesego ya dijo". Bontsi jwa baagi ba kwa magaeng a Aforika ga ba kgone go dirisa bokgoni jwa bone jwa go nosetsa.[18] Temothuo ya go nosetsa e tsaya fela 20% ya mefuta ya temothuo mo lefatsheng lotlhe.[20] Mo Afrika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara, dipuso di nnile le seabe se segolo mo tlhabololong ya go nosetsa. Go simolola ka dingwaga tsa bo1960, batho ba ba neng ba ntsha meneelo jaaka Banka ya Lefatshe ba ne ba tshegetsa dipuso tseno tsa Aforika mo tlhabololong ya ditsamaiso tsa go nosetsa.[21] Le fa go ntse jalo, mo dingwageng tse di latelang, temothuo ya go nosetsa e tlhagisitse thobo e e kwa tlase go feta e e neng e solofetswe.[20] Go ya ka Banka ya Lefatshe temothuo e e tlhagisiwang mo Afrika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara e ka nna gararo ka 2050.

Mo nakong eno, baemedi ba sephiri ba puso ba ntshitse katlholo e e kopanetsweng ya gore mo dingwageng tse di lesome tse di latelang, mathata a metsi ga a ka ke a baka dikgogakgogano tsa ka fa gare le tsa ka kwa ntle tse di ka felelang ka ntwa e e gagametseng. Mme fa e le gore selekanyo sa jaanong sa tiriso mmogo le kgatelelo ya tlelaemete se tswelela, selekanyo sa tlhaelo ya metsi mo Afrika se bolelelwa pele ke UNECA go fitlhelela maemo a a kwa godimo a a kotsi ka 2025. Seno se raya gore ka 2022 go na le kgonagalo ya phetogo ya tlhaelo ya metsi go nna le seabe mo ntweng ya dibetsa.[22] Go ya ka National Intelligence Estimate on water security, e e neng e kopilwe ke Mokwaledi wa Naga Hillary Clinton mme ya wediwa ka letlhabula la 2011, morago ga 2022 metsi a tla nna a dirisiwa jaaka sebetsa sa ntwa le sedirisiwa se se ka dirisiwang mo borukhutlhi, bogolo jang kwa Afrika Bokone.[22] Ka Letsatsi la Lefatshe la Metsi, Lefapha la Puso le ne la bolela gore kgatelelo ya metsi, "e ka nna ya oketsa kotsi ya go sa tlhomamang le go palelwa ke puso, go gakatsa dikgotlhang tsa kgaolo le go itaya dinaga tsebe go dira le United States mo mekgeleng e e botlhokwa ya molao". Fa go buiwa ka Nile kwa Egepeto, Sudan, le dinaga tse di kwa borwa, pego e bolelela pele gore dinaga tse di fa godimo ga noka di tla lekanyetsa go bona metsi ka mabaka a sepolotiki le gore dirukutlhi di ka tlhasela didirisiwa tse di amanang le metsi, jaaka matamo le matamo, gantsi.[22] Ka ntlha ya seno, Global Risk Report ya 2011 ya World Economic Forum e akareditse tlhaelo ya metsi jaaka nngwe ya dikotsi tse tlhano tse di kwa godimo mo lefatsheng ka lekgetlo la ntlha.

Ditsela Tsa go Dirisa

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Setshwantsho sa motshikhinyêgo sa Water.org sa tharabolola ya tlhaelo ya metsi kwa Ethiopia.

Ditsamaiso tsa tetla ya metsi

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Kgaolo nngwe ya dinaga tsa Afrika, jaaka Tanzania, e lekile go rarabolola bothata jwa go tlhaela ga metsi ka go tlhoma thulaganyo ya go ntsha tetla ya metsi. Mo tsamaisong e e ntseng jalo, go dirisiwa melao ya mo lefelong go naya badirisi metsi a a rileng mo mafelong a a rileng. Le fa go ntse jalo, gantsi dithulaganyo tse di ntseng jalo di baka dikgotlhang tse dingwe, ka gonne ditshwanelo tsa metsi di ka nna tsa gapiwa ke batho ba ba nosetsang ka selekanyo se segolo mme seo se dira gore balemi ba ba sa itsholegeng sentle mo kgaolong eo ba latlhegelwe ke ditshwanelo tsa bone.

Madagascar

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Mo setlhabeng se se kwa godimo sa Madagascar, go ne ga nna le phetogo e kgolo e e neng ya fedisa mo e ka nnang dimela tsotlhe tse di nang le dikgwa tse dintsi mo pakeng ya 1970 go ya go 2000. Temothuo ya go sega le go fisa e ne ya tlosa diperesente di le lesome tsa palogotlhe ya di-biomass tsa naga mme ya e fetola go nna naga e e se nang sepe. Ditlamorago tseno di ne di bakwa ke go nna le batho ba le bantsi thata le go tlhoka go fepa batho ba ba humanegileng ba ba tlholegang, mme ditlamorago tse di sa itumediseng di ne di akaretsa go gogolwa ga mmu go go anameng go go neng ga dira gore dinoka tse di tletseng seretse tse di neng di "tsamaya di le dikhibidu" dingwaga di le masome morago ga go rengwa ga dikgwa. Seno se ne sa fedisa metsi a mantsi a a phepa a a ka dirisiwang mme gape se ne sa senya bontsi jwa tikologo ya dinoka tsa dinoka di le mmalwa tse dikgolo tse di elelang kwa bophirima. Mefuta e le mmalwa ya ditlhapi e ile ya nyelela mme e mengwe, jaaka dikorale tse di kgoreletsweng mo Lewatleng la India, di nyeletse.[23]

Bana ba babedi ba nwa metsi a kgetsana

Nigeria

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Ka batho ba ka nna dimilione di le 199, 86% ya batho ba kwa Nigeria ga ba na metsi a a phepa a a nowang. UNICEF e bega gore mo e ka nnang halofo ya ditirelo tsa motheo tsa metsi tsa 70% ya batho ba Nigeria di kgotletswe. Go tlhaela ga mafaratlhatlha mo nageng yotlhe ya Nigeria go dira gore baagi ba le bantsi ba se ka ba nna le metsi a a phepa; ka kakaretso Mo-Nigeria o bona dilitara di le 9 fela tsa metsi ka letsatsi. Ka ntlha ya seno, Ba-Nigeria ba le bantsi ba ikaegile ka metsi a a rekisiwang jaaka metsi a a mo kgetsaneng (bona setshwantsho) kgotsa a a mo dibotlolong. Metsi a a kgotletsweng le a a kgotletsweng a a mo tlase ga lefatshe a dira gore go nne le tlhaelo ya metsi kwa Nigeria. Mefuta mengwe e megolo ya dilo tse di kgotlelang e akaretsa menontsha le metsi a a tswang mo temothuong, tsamaiso e e sa siamang ya go laola leswe, matlakala a madirelo, dilo tse di kgotlelang oli le gase, dilo tse di tswang mo meepong le metsi a a tswang mo dipolaong.

Egepeto

Go oketsega ga dipalo tsa batho ga mmogo le letlhoko la metsi ke mabaka a a nang le seabe se segolo mo leubeng la metsi. E re ka noka ya Naele e ntsha selekanyo sa metsi sa masome a ferabongwe le botlhano mo lekgolong, tswelelopele ya ditiro tsa temo-thuo mo nokeng ye ke yone e gakatsang seemo sa thaelo ya metsi. Ba UNICEF ba itebagantse le metsi le phepafatso ya one ka maikaelelo a go fokotsa tshenyo ya metsi le gase e e sa siamelang tikologo.. Mo lethakoreng le lengwe, puso ya Egepeto e beile pele lenaneo la National Water Resource go netefatsa gore ditsetana tsa go laola ditsompelo tse di dumalanweng dia diragatswa. [24]


Morocco

Morocco e lenaganwe ke letlhoko la metsi le le tseneletseng ka mabaka a phetogo ya loapi, koketsego ya batho ga mmogo le ditiro tsa temo-thuo. Mo dingwageng tse di fitileng, pula e oketsegile ka masome a mabedi mo lekgolong, mme se se bakile dikgwetlho di le mmalwa, segolo jang mo dikgaolong ko e leng gore batho ba ka tshwara dikete kete di le mabedi ba lebaganwe ke tlhaelo ya metsi a a nowang a a phepa. Go itebeganya le seemo se puso ya Morcco e aga matamo, e rotloetsa nosetso ya dijwalo le go beeletsa mo dieishaneng tse di ntshang letswai mo metsing.go kabakanya metswedi ya metsi. E re le fa go ntse jalo, dikgang tsa phetogo ya loapi le tiriso ya ditamelo di tswelela di supa fa e le dikgoreletsi tse di bonalang kgathanong le go fithelela gore batho bothe ba nne le metsi a a phepa.


Algeria

Batho ba le masome a ferabongwe mo lekgolong kwa Algeria ba kgona go bona metsi a a nwegang, mme mo go bone, ba le masome a supa le bongwe mo lekgolong, ba kgona go bona metsi a a nwegang morago ga go tlhatswiwa. Ka ngwaga wa 2018, Algeria e ne e na le mabota a a thibelang metsi ale masome a ferabobedi le diteishane tsa go thatswa metsi di le lesome le bongwe, le kwa go tlhatswiwang metsi go le lekgolo ga mmogo le mafelo a go baya metsi a le dikete tse lesome le bone go anama le lefatshe lotlhe. Ka mabaka a,lefatshe la Algeria ke nngwe ya mafatsheng a Aferika a batho ba lone ba kgonang go bona metsi a a phepa ga mmogo le go nna le kwa go tlhatswiwang metsi teng ka selekanyo sa masome a supa le borataro mo lekgolong. E re le fa go ntse jalo, jaaka palo ya batho e oketsega, Algeria e beile pele ditiro di le mmalwa tsa go netefatsa gore thaelo ya metsi ga e okotsege mo bokamosong. Nngwe ya ditiro tse ke kago ya diteishane tsa go ntsha letswai mo metsing di le supa tse di tlaa nnang teng mo ngwageng tsa 2025 goya ko go 2030. Tshimoloso ya diteishane tse e tlaa netefatsa gore go nna le koketsego ya tiriso ya metsi a lewate a a ntshitsweng letswai ka selekanyo sa masome a mane le bobedi mo lekgolong sa metsi a a nwegang fa go tshwantshanngwa le selekanyo sa gompieno sa lesome le boferabobedi mo lekgolong.[25]

Metswedi

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
  1. ↑ "Water Scarcity | Threats | WWF". World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved 2020-11-29.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "International Decade for Action: Water for Life 2005-2015". Retrieved 1 April 2013.
  3. ↑ FAO (2012). Coping with water scarcity - An action framework for agriculture and food security, FAO Rome.
  4. 1 2 Management Options to Enhance Survival and Growth" (PDF). Retrieved 05 April 2023
  5. 1 2 "Archive: Conference on Water Scarcity in Africa: Issues and Challenges". Archived from the original on 1 April 2016. Retrieved 11 November 2016.
  6. ↑ United Nations. Goal 6: Ensure Access to Water and Sanitation for All. Sustainable Development Goals. https://www.unglobalcompact.org/docs/publications/SDG6_SR2018.pdf
  7. ↑ "Water Scarcity: The Importance of Water & Access". Retrieved 18 March 2012.
  8. ↑ "Water Scarcity: The Importance of Water & Access". Retrieved 18 March 2012.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 "Water Scarcity, Risk, and Vulnerability". Retrieved 05April 2023
  10. ↑ "Climate Change in Africa" (PDF). Retrieved 05 April 2023.
  11. ↑ "Water and the global climate crisis: 10 things you should know". www.unicef.org. Retrieved 2020-11-29.
  12. ↑ Stocker, Thomas (2014). Climate change 2013: the physical science basis : Working Group I contribution to the Fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. ISBN 978-1-107-05799-9. OCLC 879855060.
  13. ↑ Reinacher, L. (2013 Oct 3). The Water Crisis in Sub-Saharan Africa. The Borgen Project.
  14. ↑ "Impacts of Water Scarcity on Women's Life". Archived from the original on 12 March 2014. Retrieved 1 April 2012.
  15. ↑ "Women Affected by the Crisis". Archived from the original on 5 December 2011. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
  16. ↑ "Water Scarcity: The Importance of Water & Access". Retrieved 18 March 2012.
  17. ↑ "The Facts About The Global Drinking Water Crisis". Archived from the original on 5 September 2012. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
  18. 1 2 "Coping With Water Scarcity: Challenge of the 21st Century" (PDF). Retrieved 18 March 2013.
  19. ↑ "In Africa, War Over Water Looms As Ethiopia Nears Completion Of Nile River Dam". https://www.npr.org/2018/02/27/589240174/in-africa-war-over-water-looms-as-ethiopia-nears-completion-of-nile-river-dam?t=1595668819363.
  20. 1 2 Kauffman, J., Mantel, S., Ringersma, J., Dijkshoorn, J., Van Lynden, G., Dent, D. Making Better Use of Green Water in Sub-Saharan Africa.
  21. ↑ Kadigi, R., Tesfay, G., Bizoza, A., Zinabou, G. (2013). Global Development Network GDN Working Paper Series Irrigation and Water Use Efficiency in Sub-Saharan Africa Working Paper No. 63. Global Development Network. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263464548
  22. 1 2 3 "US Intel: Water a Cause for War in Coming Decades". Retrieved 23 March 2012.
  23. ↑ . pp. 91–128. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  24. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20210227073722/https://unctad.org/system/files/non-official-document/c1mem2018_S2_Djelouah.pdf
  25. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20210227073722/https://unctad.org/system/files/non-official-document/c1mem2018_S2_Djelouah.pdf
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