Metsi mo Aforika

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Metsi mo Aforika
Mo mafatsheng a le mantsi mo Aforika, dithini tse di dirisiwang go ga metsi le go a baya di siametse go babalela metsi.

Metsi mo Aforika ke kgang e e botlhokwa e e akareditseng metswedi, go anamisiwa ga one le tiriso e e tshwanetseng ya metswedi mo kontineteng. Aforika o na le boferabongwe mo lekgolong la metswedi ya metsi a phepa le lesome le borataro mo lekgolong la palo ya batho mo lefatsheng ka bophara.[1][2] Dingwe tsa dinoka tsa Aforika ke noka ya Congo, ya Nile, Zambezi, Niger le ya Victoria e e le yone ya bobedi ka botona mo lefatsheng lotlhe ka bophara. Le fa go ntse jalo kontinente ya Aforika ke yone e e omeletseng go gaisa tse dingwe tsotlhe mo lefatsheng, ka di milione tsa batho ba Aforika ba ba santseng ba sokodisiwa ke tlhaelo ya metsi ngwaga yotlhe.[3]

Metsi mo Aforika
Bana ba le babedi ba bannye kwa Camerron ba nwa metsi go tswa mo lebotlolong la polaseteke. Mo dikgaolong tsa Aforika, kwa go senang kgopo leswe e e siameng, batho ba ikaegile ka go dirisa metsi a a mo mabotlolong kgotsa a a mo mephuthalwaneng . Se se felela se baka go kgotlhela tikologo ka dipolaseteke ka go sena ditsela tsa go a dirisa gape kgotsa go tsewa ga matlakala.

Tlhaelo e e bakiwa ke mathata a go tlhoka go isa metsi ko bathong ka tsela e e lolameng, go gola ka pele ga dipalo tsa batho le go tlhoka taolo e e siameng ya metswedi e e leng teng. Nako tse dingwe go na le palo e potlana ya batho ba ba nnang mo lefelong le le nang le metsi a mantsi. Sekai, masome a mararo mo lekgolong la metsi a kontinente a ko kgampung ya Congo e go nnang batho ba le lesome mo lekgolong la palo ya batho ba Aforika.[4][3]Go na le pharologano e tona fa go lebelelwa ka pula e nang ka teng mo mafelong a farologaneng le ka dinako tse di farologaneng. Go mowafala ga metsi a a emang mo mmung le gone go diragala ka bofefo mo mafelong mangwe, se se baka gore go na ga pula go ye tlase mo mafelong a o.[5][4] Le fa go ntse jalo go na le temosego ya go farologana thata mekgwa ya seemo sa bosa le metswedi ya metsi lefatshe ka bophara, ka jalo le fa mafelo mangwe a na le metsi a a lekaneng,[2] kgaolo ya Sub-Sahara mo Aforika e lebannwe ke dikgwetlho tse dintsi tsa metsi tse di kganelang kgolo ya itsholelo di bo di tshosetsa matshelo a batho ba kontinente e.[2] Temothuo mo Aforika e ikaegile ka pula, mme lefatshe le le tlhagotsweng le bo le nosediwa ke la palo e eko tlase ga lesome mo lekgolong.[1][2] Go amiwa ke phetogo ya seemo sa bosa le pharologano di kwa godimo thata.[2] Motswedi wa motlakase o o tlwaelesegileng thata ke wa metsi.[2] Letamo la Kainji ke lengwe la metswedi ya motlakase o o fetlhilweng ka metsi o o dirisiwang go isa motlakase kwa ditoropong tse dikgolo kwa Nigeria le lefatshe lele bapileng le lone la Niger. [6]Ka jalo go nnile le dipeeletso tse dintsi mo dingwageng tse di lesome tse di fitileng e le tsela ya go oketsa motlakase o o fetlhiwang. [2]


Ditharabololo tsa dikgwetlho tsa go drisa metsi go fetlha motlakase le tshireletsego ya dijo di paledisiwa ke mathata a dikago tsa metsi, tlhabololo le kitso ya baeteledipele go mekamekana le palo ya batho e e golelang pele mme edile e tlhoka metsi.[2] Se se dirwa gape ke gore Aforika o fetogela kwa go tlhabololeng metse o e dira ditoropo ka bofefo.[2][7]Tlhabololo e e amanang le metsi ga mmogo le tlhokomelo ga di motlhofo ka ntata ya gore go na le metswedi ya metsi e mentsi e motswedi o le mongwe o kgonang go nna mo mafatsheng a le mantsi (dinoka, makadiba le maje a a ntshang metsi).[2] Masome a supa le botlhano mo lekgolong jwa sub-Saharan Africa bo wela mo mafelong a le masome a matlhano le boraro a dikgampu tse di akaretsang melelwane e le mentsi.[1][2]Kgwetlho e e ka fetolwa go nna tshono ya ditlhabologo fa go na le kgonagalo ya tirisanommogo mo mafatsheng a motswedi o leng mo go one.[2] Tshekatsheko ya makgamu a a farologaneng ya noka ya Zambezi e le sekai, e supa fa tirisanommogo ya mafatshe a e leng mo go one e ka tsisa koketsego mo go fetlheng motlakase ka masome a mabedi le boraro mo lekgolong ntle le dipeeletso dipe di sele.[1][2] Melao ya tirisanommogo ya mafatshe e teng, jaaka wa Zambezi River Authority, South African Development Community (SADC) Protocol, Volta River Authority le Nile Basin Commission.[2] Le fa go ntse jalo, maiteko a mangwe a tlhokafala go tlhabolola maikaelelo a sepolotiki le maatla a madi le melao e e ka tsisang phenyo mo go botlhe ba ba amegang.[2]

Metswedi ya metsi[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Metsi a a kwa tlase ga lefatshe[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Metsi a a kwa tlase ga lefatshe a botlhokwa thata mo go tshegetseng kanamiso ya metsi le matshelo a batho mo Sub-Saharan Africa bogolo jang ka a apesitse bophara jwa lefelo, a nang e boleng jo bo kwa godimo le bokgoni jwa go emelela ka dinako tsa lenyora ele go gola ga dipharologano tsa phetogo ya seemo sa loapi.

Go na le metswedi e le palo potlana e e ntshang metsi a a phepa mo Aforika, nngwe ya dipatlisiso tse di dirilweng ka ngwaga wa 2007 e supile fa masome a mane mo lekgolong le go feta a batho ba Aforika ba dirisa metsi a a kwa tlase ga lefatshe e le one a a nowang thata, bogolo jang kwa bokone le borwa jwa mafatshe a a Aforika.[8][9][10]

Fa dipopego tsa metsi a a kwa tlase ga lefatshe le phetogo ya seemo sa loapi sa kgaolo nngwe di supa go nna teng le go ntshafatsa metsi a a kwa tlase ga lefatshe, boleng le bokete jwa metsi mo isagong go tla laolwa ke tiriso ya lefatshe le taolo ya metsi mo sechabeng.

Dimpompo e santse e le tsone motswedi o o botlhokwa wa metsi a a nowang (39%) mo ditoropong, mme botlhokwa jwa didiba bo golela kwa godimo (24%).[8] Mokgatlho wa WHO (2006) o boletse fa ka ngwaga wa 2004, lesome le borataro mo lekgolong fela la batho ba sub-saharan Africa ba kgona go bona metsi a a nowang a tswa mo dimpompong tse di mo matlong kgotsa mo malwapeng. Le fa go na le metsi mo mafelong a, ga go motlhofo go bona metsi a a babalesegileng go nowa ka go na le botlhabetsi jwa go leswafala ka ntlha ya mabaka a mantsi. Mabaka a tshwana le go tlhoka go tlhokomelwa ga dipompo ka ntlha ya letlhoko la madi, kgotlhelesego le go tlhoka kgopo ya metsi a a leswe nako tse dingwe ka ntata ya tlhaelo ya madi. Fa didiba di agiwa le didiriwa tsa kgopo ya metsi a a leswe di agiwa, nako tse dingwe boleng jwa metsi ga bo tlholwe jaaka go tlhokega, mme gape batho ga ba rutiwe ka go dirisa metsi a.[11]

Metsi a a fa godimo ga lefatshe[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Lekgotla la mafatshefatshe la botsogo (World Health Organisation - WHO) le ne la bega ka ngwaga wa 2015 fa batho ba le dimilione di le lekgolo le masome a matlhano le boferabongwe ba a ga metsi a a sa tlhatswiwang a a fa godimo ga lefatshe jaaka makadiba, megobe, dinoka le melapo lefatshe ka bophara. Metswedi ya metsi a a fa godimo ga lefatshe mo Aforika gantsi a a bo a kgotlhelesegile ka ntata ya lookwane, madirelo le leswe la mantlo a boithomelo le tse dingwe. Sekai, Niger Delta e e leng legae la madirelo a lookwane kwa Nigeria, le lookwane lwa dimilione di le pedi lo tlhotlhiwang mo lefelong leo letsatsi le letsatsi, metsi a yone a kgotlhelesegile ka ntata ya go tshologa ga lookwane.[12]

Metsi, Ditiro le Itsholelo[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Aforika e sa tswa go itemogela dingwaga tse di lesome tse di gaisang (2005 - 2015) tsa kgolo ya itsholelo fa e sale morago ga boipuso. Kgolo e l fa go ntse jalo ga e akaretse ebile ga e lekalekanye.[2] Go ya ka World Bank, kgolo ya GDP mo sub-saharan Africa e ne e le mo palong ya 4.5% go tswa kwa go 4.2% ka ngwaga wa 2013, e engwe nokeng ke go beeletsa madi mo dikagong le thobo e e ileng kwa godimo ya temothuo.[2]

Metswedi[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 "Cooperation in International Waters in Africa (CIWA)". www.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2016-11-13.
  2. ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 The United Nations World Water Development Report 2016: Water and Jobs. Paris: UNESCO. 2016. ISBN 978-92-3-100146-8 Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO (CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO) license.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Water in Africa". studyres.com. Retrieved 2020-11-28.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Anthony Gachanja, Pedro Mastrangelo, Kevin Mcguigan, Presthantie Naicker and Feleke Zewge (2010). Africa's Water Quality: A Chemical Science Perspective. London: Pan Africa Chemistry Network, Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 8.
  5. ↑ "Water in Africa". African Studies Centre Leiden. 2012-03-19. Retrieved 2020-11-28
  6. ↑ "An inside look at Kainji Dam". 2012-10-14. Archived from the original on 2012-10-14. Retrieved 2020-11-28.
  7. ↑ Rafei, Leila (2014-10-29). "Africa's urban population growth: trends and projections". The Data Blog. Retrieved 2016-11-13.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Water in Africa". African Studies Centre Leiden. 2012-03-19. Retrieved 2020-11-26.
  9. ↑ Xu, Yongxin; Seward, Paul; Gaye, Cheikh; Lin, Lixiang; Olago, Daniel O. (2019-05-01). "Preface: Groundwater in Sub-Saharan Africa". Hydrogeology Journal. 27 (3): 815–822. Bibcode:2019HydJ...27..815X. doi:10.1007/s10040-019-01977-2. ISSN 1435-0157. S2CID 149570011.
  10. ↑ MacDonald, A M; Bonsor, H C; Dochartaigh, B É Ó; Taylor, R G (2012-06-01). "Quantitative maps of groundwater resources in Africa". Environmental Research Letters. 7 (2): 024009. Bibcode:2012ERL.....7b4009M. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/7/2/024009. ISSN 1748-9326.
  11. ↑ "Water In Crisis - Spotlight Africa: Rural and Urban Issues". The Water Project. Retrieved 2020-11-26.
  12. ↑ Walsh, Bryan (2013-11-04). "See the world's 10 most polluted places (and learn how they got that way...)". Time. ISSN 0040-781X. Retrieved 2020-11-26.
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