Past
Nako e e fetileng ke ditiragalo tsotlhe tse di diragetseng pele ga nako e e rileng. [1] Se se fetileng se farologana le se se leng teng gone jaanong le se se tla diregang mo isagweng. Kgopolo ya nako e e fetileng e tswa mo tseleng e e tlhamaletseng e babogedi ba batho ba bonang nako ka yone, mme e fitlhelelwa ka go gakologelwa le go gakologelwa dilo. Mo godimo ga moo, batho ba ile ba kwala dilo tse di diragetseng mo nakong e e fetileng fa e sale go nna le puo e e kwadilweng.[2]Tiriso ya ntlha e e itsegeng ya lefoko "past" e ne e le mo ngwagakgolong wa lesome le bone; e ne ya nna karolo e e fetileng ya lediri la Middle English passen le le rayang "go feta".[3]
Melawana ya puo
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Mo thutapuo ya Seesimane, ditiro di kgaoganngwa go ya ka nngwe ya matlha a a latelang a le lesome le bobedi a lediri: e e fetileng (e e fetileng, tiriso ya dibopego tsa lediri la Seesimane, e e fetileng e e itekanetseng, kgotsa e e fetileng e e itekanetseng e e tswelelang), e e leng teng (e e leng teng, e e tswelelang, e e leng teng e e itekanetseng, kgotsa e e leng teng e e itekanetseng e e tswelelang), kgotsa e e tlang (e e tlang, e e tlang e e tswelelang, e e tlang e e itekanetseng, kgotsa e e tlang e e itekanetseng e e tswelelang).[4]Nako e e fetileng e kaya ditiro tse di setseng di diragetse. Ka sekai, "o a tsamaya" e raya mosetsana yo o tsamayang gone jaanong (nako ya jaanong), fa "o ne a tsamaya" e raya mosetsana yo o neng a tsamaya pele ga jaanong (nako e e fetileng).
Nako e e fetileng e e sa kgaotseng e kaya ditiro tse di neng tsa tswelela ka lobaka lo lo rileng lwa nako, jaaka mo polelong e e reng "o ne a tsamaya", e e tlhalosang tiro e e neng e sa ntse e diragala mo nakong e e fetileng e sebui se buang ka yone gone jaanong. Nako e e fetileng e e feletseng e dirisiwa go tlhalosa ditiro tse di setseng di dirilwe ka nako e e rileng mo nakong e e fetileng. Ka sekai, "o ne a tsamaya" o tlhalosa tiro e e neng ya dirwa mo nakong e e fetileng e bile e ne ya wediwa mo nakong e e fetileng.
Paka e e tsweletseng e kaya tiro e e neng e diragala go fitlha ka nako e e rileng mo nakong e e fetileng mme e ne ya wediwa.[5]E farologana le past perfect tense ka gonne go gatelelwa ga past perfect continuous verbs ga go a ikaega ka gore tiro e feditswe ka nako ya jaanong, mme go na le moo e ikaegile ka gore e diragetse ka nako e e rileng pele ga nako e nngwe mo nakong e e fetileng. Tiriso ya lediri e e dirisitsweng mo polelong e e reng "O ne a ntse a tsamaya mo phakeng ka metlha pele ke kopana le ene" ke e e sa kgaotseng ka gonne e tlhalosa tiro ("go tsamaya") e e neng e diragala ka matlhagatlhaga pele ga nako ya fa sengwe se sele se ne se diragala mo nakong e e fetileng (fa "Ke ne ke kopana le ene").
Go ikaegile ka tsela e lefoko "fetileng" le dirisiwang ka yone mo polelong, le ka tlhalosiwa ka mafoko a a farologaneng. Mafoko a a tshwanang le a a rayang "se se fetileng" jaaka letlhalosi a akaretsa, "pele", "se se fetileng", "pele ga moo", "se se fetileng", le "se se fetileng". Mafoko a a tshwanang le a "se se fetileng" jaaka leina a akaretsa, "hisitori", "se se diragetseng pele", "polelo ya botshelo", le "ditshwantsho tsa botshelo jwa motho". Mafoko a a tshwanang le a "past" a akaretsa, "in front of", "beyond", "by", le "in excess of".[6]
Ditiriso tse dingwe
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]Lefoko "go fetile" le ka dirisiwa gape go tlhalosa diofisi tsa bao ba kileng ba direla mo mokgatlhong, setlhopha, kgotsa tiragalo jaaka, "moporesidente yo o fetileng", kgotsa, "bafenyi ba ba fetileng".[7] "Pele" gape e ka kaya sengwe kgotsa mongwe yo o leng mo boemong jo bo fetang jwa ntlha e e rileng.[8]Ka sekai, mo polelong e e reng, "Ke nna mo Fielding Road, fela fa pele ga seteishene sa terena", lefoko "fetileng" le dirisitswe go tlhalosa lefelo (legae la sebui) go feta ntlha e e rileng (setheo sa terena). Ka fa letlhakoreng le lengwe, polelwana e e reng, "O ne a re feta a taboga ka lobelo lo logolo", e dirisa kgopolo ya nako e e fetileng go tlhalosa boemo jwa mongwe ("Ene") yo o leng kwa pele ga sebui
"Pele" gape e dirisetswa go tlhalosa nako e e rileng ya metsotso pele kgotsa morago ga ura e e rileng, jaaka go "Re tlogetse moletlo ka 12:30". [9] [10]Batho gape ba dirisa "go fetile" go kaya go nna kwa ntle ga dingwaga tse di rileng tsa mmele kgotsa kgato ya go nna teng, jaaka, "Mosimane o ne a fetile dingwaga tsa go tlhoka motlhokomedi wa bana", kgotsa, "Ke fetile go amega ka bothata joo". [11] "Pele" gantsi e dirisetswa go kaya hisetori, ka kakaretso kgotsa mabapi le dipaka tse di rileng tsa nako kgotsa ditiragalo, jaaka, "Dikgosi tsa nako e e fetileng di ne di na le maatla a a feletseng go tlhomamisa molao go farologana le Dikgosi le Dikgosigadi tsa Yuropa tsa gompieno".
Mokwadi wa lekgolo la bo lesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga wa kwa Boritane Charles Dickens[12] o ne a tlhama nngwe ya ditlhamane tse di itsegeng thata tse di tlhalosang "se se fetileng" mo bukeng ya gagwe e khutshwane e e bidiwang "A Christmas Carol". Mo kanegelong, Ghost of Christmas Past ke ponatshego e e bontshang moanelwa yo mogolo, monna wa pelo e e tsididi le letsogo le le thata yo o bidiwang Ebenezer Scrooge, ditshwantsho go tswa mo bongwaneng jwa gagwe le botshelo jwa bogodi jwa gagwe go mo ruta gore boitumelo ga bo tlisiwe ke khumo.[13]
Go ithuta
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]Nako e e fetileng ke yone e ithutiwang mo dikarolong tse di jaaka nako, botshelo, hisitori, nostalgia, archaeology, archaeoastronomy, chronology, geology, historical geology, historical linguistics, ontology, paleontology, paleobotany, paleoethnobotany, paleogeography, paleoclimatology, etymology le physical cosmologist
Metswedi
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]- ↑ "past" (web article). Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com. Archived from the original on 26 June 2018. Retrieved 25 June 2018.[1]
- ↑ Christian, David. "Record Keeping and History: How We Chronicle the Past" (web article). www.khanacademy.org. Khan Academy. Archived from the original on 26 June 2018. Retrieved 25 June 2018.[2]
- ↑ "Past" (Web). Merram-Webster.com. n.d. Archived from the original on 24 July 2018. Retrieved 24 July 2018.[3]
- ↑ "Verb tenses". English Oxford Living Dictionaries. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 26 June 2018. Retrieved 25 June 2018.[4]
- ↑ "Verb tenses". English Oxford Living Dictionaries. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 26 June 2018. Retrieved 25 June 2018.[5]
- ↑ "past". oxforddictionaries.com. English Oxford Living Dictionaries. Archived from the original (Web) on 27 August 2018. Retrieved 27 August 2018.[6]
- ↑ "past" (Web). Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 24 July 2018. Retrieved 27 August 2018.[7]
- ↑ "past" (Web). dictionary.cambridge.org. Cambridge.org. Archived from the original on 27 August 2018. Retrieved 27 August 2018.[8]
- ↑ "half-past 12" (Web). EightPastFive. Archived from the original on Aug 31, 2023.[9]
- ↑ "past" (Web). Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 24 July 2018. Retrieved 27 August 2018.[10]
- ↑ "past" (Web). Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 24 July 2018. Retrieved 27 August 2018.[11]
- ↑ Collins, Philip (5 June 2018). "Charles Dickens" (Web). Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. Archived from the original on 18 June 2018. Retrieved 27 August 2018
- ↑ "A Christmas Carol" (Web). Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. 6 June 2014. Archived from the original on 27 August 2018. Retrieved 27 August 2018.[12]