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Phatlalatso ya mêtsi le kgôpô leswê kwa Morocco

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Phatlalatso ya mêtsi le kgôpô leswê kwa Morocco di tlamelwa ke ditirêlo tsê di farologaneng. Di farologana go tswa go dikhampani tse di ikêmêtseng ka nosi mo toropong e kgolo, Casablanca, motsemogolo, Rabat, Tangier, le Tetouan, go ya go ditirelo tsa mmasepala mo ditoropong tse dingwe di le 13, mmogo le khampani ya motlakase le metsi ya bosetšhaba (ONEE). Setlhopha se se kwa morago se na le maikarabelo a go tlamela ka metsi a mantsi go didirisiwa tse di umakilweng fa godimo, go aba metsi mo ditoropong tse dinnye di ka nna 500, mmogo le go tsamaisa leswe le go phepafatsa metsi a a leswe mo ditoropokgolong di le 60.

Go nnile le kgatêlôpele e kgolo mo go fitlhêlêlêng mêtsi, le go ya bokgakaleng jo bo kwa tlase mo go tsa leswê, mo dingwageng di le lesomê le botlhano tse di fetileng.Dikgotlhang tse di sêtseng di akarêtsa maêmo a a kwa tlase a go phepafadiwa ga metsi a a leswe (go phepafadiwa fela 13% ya metsi a a se nang mêtsi a a le leswê a a kgobokantsweng), go tlhaela ga dikgolagano tsa matlo mo ditikologông tse di humanegileng tsa ditorôpôkgolo, le go tlhaela go tshegediwa mô go lekanyeditsweng ga ditsamaisô tsa selegaê (20% ya ditsamaiso tsa selegaê go fopholediwa gore ga di bereke). Ka ngwaga wa 2005 go ne ga amogêlwa Lenanêô la Bosetšhaba la go tlosa leswê lê le nêng le ikaêlêtse go alafa 60% ya mêtsi a a leswe a a kgôbokantswêng le go golaganya 80% ya malapa a ditorôpôkgolo le mesêlê ya leswê ka ngwaga wa 2020. Bothata jwa go tlhoka go golaganngwa ga mêtsi mo go bangwe ba bahumanegi ba kwa ditorôpông bo a rarabololwa jaaka karolô ya National Human Development Initiative, e mo go yônê baagi ba ditorôpôkgolo tsê di seng ka fa molaông ba amogêtseng ditlankana tsa lefatshe mme ba na le dituêlo tsê di sa duêlwang tse ka tlwaelo di duêlwang ditirêlo tsa ditirêlo gore ba kgônê go ikgolaganya le mêtsi le mafaratlhatlha a kgôpô leswê.

Metswedi ya metsi

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Metswedi e e tlwaelegileng ya metsi

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Morocco e na le di-cubic metara di ka nna dibilione di le 22 tsa metswedi e e tlwaelegileng ya metsi a a ntšhafadiwang ka ngwaga e e lekanang le di- cubic metara tsa 730/motho/ngwaga. Pele ga go akanngwa ka dingwaga tsa komelelo tsa dingwaga tsa bo 1990 le bo 2000 palogotlhe ya metswedi ya metsi a a ntšhafadiwang e ne e fopholediwa go nna kwa godimo thata mo e ka nnang di-cubic meter di le dibilione di le 29 Le fa go ntse jalo, go ka bonwa fela di-cubian meter di le 20 ka ikonomi (metara e e kgonang go dirisiwa), go akaretsa dibilione tsa di le 16 tsa m3 tsa metsi a a kwa godimo le dibilion di le di le di-cube meter di le 4 tsa metsi a kafa tlase ga lefatshe.[1] Morocco e na le matamô a a ka nnang 100 a bogolo jo bo farologaneng a a nang le palogotlhe ya mabolokelo a di-cubic meter di le dibilione di le 15. Go ne ga fopholediwa gore ka ngwaga wa 2004 go ne ga ntshiwa di-m3 di le dibilione di le 13.5, kgotsa 67% ya didirisiwa tse di leng teng. 83% ya madi a a ntshiwang e ne e le a temôthuô mme 17% e ne e dirisediwa go dirisiwa ke mmasepala le madirelô. Le fa go ntse jalo, metswêdi ya metsi ga e kgaoganngwe ka go lekalekana ka sebaka le nako, ka bontsi jwa metswêdi ya metse e e leng têng kwa Bokône le pula e e lekanyêditswêng ka mariga. Mo godimo ga moo, boleng jwa metswêdi ya metsi bo a senyega ka ntlha ya kgotlelo, bogolo jang mo mokgatšheng wa Sebou.

Snowpack mo Dithabeng tsa Atlas, koo bontsi jwa dinoka tse dikgolo tsa Morocco di nang le motswedi wa tsone, di tlamela ka polokelo e e botlhokwa ya metswedi ya metsi

Morocco e kgaogantswe ka dinoka di le supa tse dikgolo le dinoka tse dinnye di le mmalwa. Metsi a magolo a le supa go tswa kwa Bokone go ya kwa Borwa ke Noka ya Loukkos, Noka ya Moulouya, Noka ya Sebou, Noka ya Bou Regreg, Noka ya Oum Er-Rbia, Noka ya Tensift le Noka ya Souss-Massa-Drâa. Kwantle ga Noka ya Loukkos, dinoka tseno tsotlhe di simologa kwa Dithabeng tsa Atlas. Go na le dinoka di le mmalwa tse di fetisang metsi fa gare ga mekgatšha kwa Morocco, tse di botlhokwa thata e le noka ya Rocade go tswa kwa mokgatšheng wa Oum Er-Rbia go ya kwa mokgatšheng wa Tensift gaufi le Marrakesh, go tswa gaufi le molomo wa Oum er-Rbia go ya kwa Casablanca le go tswa kwa Nokeng ya Bouregreg go ya kwa Casablanca. Go na le dithulaganyo tsa nakwana tsa porojeke e kgolo ya go fetisetsa metsi go tswa kwa bokone go ya kwa borwa e e nang le bokgoni jwa go fetisa metsi jwa dikubita di le dimilione di le 2,74 ka letsatsi (0,75 bilione m3/ngwaga) mo sekgaleng sa dikilometara di le 500 go ya go di le 600 go tswa mo mogobeng wa Noka ya Sebou go ya kwa mogobeng wa Tensift o o nang le metsi a mantsi.

Tiriso ya metsi mo ditirong tsa mmasepala le madirelo e ne e ka nna 2.28 billion m3 ka 2003, e mo go yone 0.7 billion m3 (31%) e neng e tswa mo metsing a a kafa tlase ga lefatshe mme 1.58 billion m3 (69%) e ne e tswa mo metsi a a kwa godimo. Metswedi ya metsi a a kafa tlase ga lefatshe e dirisiwa thata mo dikarolong tsa naga, bogolo jang mo kgaolong ya Sous-Massa kwa Borwa koo go nosetsa e leng tiriso e kgolo ya metsi.

Go phepafatsa metsi a a leswe le go a dirisa gape

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Go fitlha ga jaana go na le tiriso e e lekanyeditsweng ya metsi a a busediwang morago kwa Morocco, ka ntlha ya gore ke 21% fela ya metsi a a leswe a a kgobokantsweng a a alafiwang. Ka 2009 go ne go na le ditlamelo tsa go phepafatsa metsi a a leswe tse di fetang 100 kwa Morocco, bontsi jwa tsone di direla ditoropo tse dinnye le tse di bogareng tse di mo gare ga naga kgotsa mo nageng. Diteišene tsa ntlha tsa go phepafatsa metsi a a leswe kwa Morocco di ne tsa agiwa ke bommasepala ba bannye ba dirisa thekenoloji e e farologaneng. Ka ntlha ya bokgoni jo bo lekanyeditsweng jwa madi le jwa botegeniki jwa bommasepala bano, mo e ka nnang mafelo otlhe a a 28 a ne a emisa go bereka ka bonako fela fa a sena go wediwa. Seno se ne sa dira gore ka 2000 go tsewe tshwetso ya gore boikarabelo jwa go phepafatsa ditoropo tse dinnye le tse di mo magareng bo fetisediwe ka iketlo mo go ONEP. Ka 2009 e agile kgotsa e ne e aga ditlamelo di le 43, bontsi jwa tsone di dirisa thekenoloji ya letamo la go tlhomama, mme gape e agile le ditlamelo tsa seretse se se dirang le ditlamelo di le mmalwa tsa go sefa. Dipego tsa go dirisiwa ga diteishene tseno di botoka go na le tsa diteishene tse di dirisiwang ke bommasepala, ka ntlha ya gore thekenoloji e e dirisiwang thata - matamo a a tlhomameng - ga e tlhoke motlakase. Ditshenyegelo tsa yone tse di kwa tlase tsa go dira dilo di dira gore e se ka ya nna mo kotsing ya go nna le mathata fa e na le ditekanyetso tse di kwa tlase tsa go dira dilo. Mo ditoropong tse dikgolo, ke ditheo di le mmalwa fela tsa diporofense (Régies) tse di dirisang ditlamelo tsa go phepafatsa metsi a a leswe. Ba na le maitemogelo a a sa tshwaneng a go di dirisa: Seteišene se se dirisiwang ke setlamo sa Agadir se bereka sentle, fa se se dirisiwang ke ditlamo tsa Beni Mellal le Nador sone se sa bereke. Dikhamphane tseno di dirisa thekenoloji ya seretse se se ntshiwang mo mmung e e tlhokang motlakase. Setlamo sa Marakkech se ne se aga setsha se segolo ka 2009, mme setlamo sa Fes se ne se le mo thulaganyong ya go dira dithendara tsa go reka setsha. Kgato eno e ne ya kgorelediwa fa lefapha la tlhabololo la Fora la AFD le European Investment Bank di ne di emisa go thusa ka madi a di neng di a dirisa go aga moagong ono, ka gonne di ne di sa dumalane le dithulaganyo tsa phasalatso.

Fa go bapisiwa le tiriso ya mêtsi ka kakarêtso kwa Morocco, mêtsi a a buseditsweng a ka tlamêla fela ka karolwana ya ditlhokego tse di golang tsa metsi a naga. Mo godimo ga moo, ga go na thulaganyo ya taolo ya go dirisiwa gape ga metsi e bile ga go na tsamaiso e e tlhomilweng go busetsa ditshenyegelo tsa metsi a a buseditsweng go tswa go badirisi. Porojeke e kgolo go di feta tsotlhe ya go dirisiwa gape mo nageng e sa ntse e agiwa kwa Marrakech, koo metsi a a tswang mo setlhatshaneng sa 90,000 m3/day a tla dirisiwang gape go nosetsa mabala a kolofo. Tharabololo ya tertiary le mafaratlhatlha a go aba mêtsi a a tserweng gape a tla tshegediwa ka madi ke babeeletsi ba e seng ba puso. Redal, e e direlang Rabat, e ne e dira patlisiso ka 2009 go tlhatlhoba kgonagalo ya go dirisa metsi a a leswê gape go nosetsa mafelo a a tala mo toropong.[2] Kwantle ga seno go nnile le diporojeke di le mmalwa tse di phatlaletseng tsa go dirisa gape go tloga ka dingwaga tsa bo1980, tse dingwe tsa tsone di tlogetsweng. Gareng ga diporojeke tse di tswelelang pele go na le porojeke ya go nosetsa mabala a kolofo kwa Ben Slimane e e sa leng e dira go tloga ka 1997 ka selekanyo sa 5,600 cubic meter/day.[3] Ka 2009 go ne ga rulaganngwa porojeke e kgolo ya go dirisa gape kwa Agadir go nosetsa lebala la kolofo le ditshingwana tsa mmasepala ka dikubiki tsa dimetara di le 50 000 ka letsatsi. Ka 2009 go ne go na le diporojeke tse pedi tsa go dirisiwa gape ka tlhamalalo, go go rulagantsweng go dirisiwa gape mo temothuong kwa Oujda le Beni Mellal. Diporojeke tseno di tshegediwa ka madi ke National Environmental Fund mme di tla oketsa ka madi mo dijalong. Ka 2009 lefapha la metsi la State Secretariat for Water and Environment le ne la dira patlisiso ya bosetšhaba ya go dirisiwa gape ga metsi.

Go ntsha letswai

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Morocco e ntse e dirisa metsi a lewatle ka tsela e e ntseng e oketsega gore e kgone go tlamela ditlhokego tsa yone tse di ntseng di oketsega tsa metsi a a nowang, madirelo le meepo. Secrétariat d'État chargé de l'Eau et de l'Environnement e laetse gore go dirwe thuto ka go phepafatsa metsi ka letswai e e tshwanetseng go wediwa kwa bokhutlong jwa 2009. Gareng ga dilo tse dingwe, patlisiso eno e lebeletse gore go agiwe lefelo le lesha le legolo la go phepafatsa metsi a a mo lewatleng kwa kgaolong ya Casablanca le le nang le bokgoni jwa go dira metsi a a ka nnang 685 000 m3/letsatsi (250 million m3/ngwaga), kgotsa go feta 10% ya metsi otlhe a a dirisiwang mo ditoropong kwa Morocco.[4]

Ka Motsheganong 2014 tirelo ya bosetšhaba ya ONEE e nê ya saena tumalano ya go aga-go fetisa metsi a lewatle a 100 000 m3/day kwa Agadir le setlhopha se se fa gare ga feme ya Spain Abengoa Water le InfraMaroc. Porojeke e ne e ntse e baakanyediwa ka dingwaga di le supa. Tuelo e dirwa ka madi a selegae mme mokgatlho o o eteletsweng pele ke Abengoa e ne e le one fela o o neng wa tsenya kopo ya porojeke e difeme tse dingwe di neng di e tsaya e le kotsi thata.[5]

Go tsêna

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Ka ngwaga wa 2011 dipalo tsa 82% ya baagi ba Morocco ba ne ba na le motswedi o o tokafaditsweng wa metsi. Ka tlhamalalo, sêno se raya gore dipalo tsa 59% ya Ba-Morocco ba ne ba kgôna go bôna mêtsi a diphaepe mo ntlong ya bônê kgotsa mo jarateng ya ntlo ya bone. Go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2004, 11% motswedi o mogolo wa metsi e ne e le phaephe ya setšhaba, 5.6% e ne e ri sediba se se sireleditsweng. 1.5% ya Ba-Morocco, bogolo jang kwa mafelong a selegae, ba ne ba ikaegile ka go phutha metsi a pula jaaka motswedi wa bone o mogolo wa meetse. 7% ba ne ba phutha metsi go tswa mo metsweding. Bontlhanngwe jwa metswedi eno, e e tlamelang 3.5% ya baagi, e ne e fopholediwa go sirelediwa. Metswedi yotlhe e e fa godimo e tsewa jaaka metswedi e e tokafaditsweng ya metsi ke WHO, ka jalo e tlisa palogotlhe go 82%.

Dipalo tsa 18% tsa baagi ba ne ba se na metsi a a phepa. Karolo eno e kgaogantswe ka tsela e e latelang: 1% mo ditoropong le mo metseselegaeng, e dirisa metsi a a tswang mo ditanking e le motswedi wa yone wa konokono wa metsi. 7% e ne e tsaya metsi mo didibeng tsa botlhe tse di sa sirelediwang le 4% e ne e a tsaya mo didibeng tsa batho ba ba sa sirelediwang tse di mo ntlong ya bone kgotsa mo jarateng. 2,5% e ne e tsaya metsi a yone ka tlhamalalo mo dinokeng le mo matamong a a bulegileng. Go fopholediwa gore ba bangwe ba le 3,5% ba ne ba dirisa motswedi o o sa sirelediwang jaaka motswedi wa bone o mogolo wa metsi, ka jalo ka kakaretso 18% ya baagi ba ne ba se na metsi a a botoka..

Mo metseselegaeng basadi ba tlhatswa diaparo, jaaka go bontshitswe fano mo Nokeng ya Dades. Ka ntlha ya go oketsega ga metsi a pompo le diphaepe, mokgwa ono ga o tlhole o tlwaelegile thata
Metsi Ditoropo Kwa metseselegaeng Palogotlhe
Go kgotla mo teng ga ntlo 82.6% 18,1% 58.3%
Go itaya mo jarateng 2.6% 1.7% 2.2%
Metsi a a mo Dibotlolo 0.6% 0.3% 0.5%
Di-Standpipe 10.8% 11% 10.9%
Metswedi e e sireleditsweng 0.8% 13.5% 5.6%
Metswedi e e bulegileng 1% 26,6% 10.7%
Dikgakologo[6] 0.9% 17.2% 7,1%
Noka kgotsa molatswana 0.0% 5.4% 2.0%
Letamo la letamo 0.0% 0.3% 0.1%
Go phutha metsi a pula 0.0% 4.0% 1.5%
Teraka ya tanka 0.6% 1.5% 0.9%
Tse dingwe 0.1% 0.4% 0.2%
Bogolo 100% 100% 100%

Motswedi: Population and Family Health Survey (Population and Family health Survey) 2004.[7]

Malebana le go tlosa leswê , 83% ya baagi ba ditorôpôkgolo le 52% ya baagi ba metseselegaê ba ne ba kgona go fitlhelela lefelo le le tokafaditsweng la go tlosa leshe ka 2011. 14% ya baagi ba metseselegaeng ba ne ba dirisa matlwana a boithomelo a a kopanetsweng, a a sa akarediweng jaaka go tokafatsa go tlosa leswe. 6% ya baagi ba kwa metseselegong ba ne ba dirisiwa matlwana a a a kopanngwang, mme 38% ba ne ba fopholediwa go tlhapa mo mafelong a bulegileng. Ke batho ba ba humanegileng thata ba ba sa kgôneng go bona leswê: Patlisiso ya 2004 ya World Bank e ne ya bolêla gore "Tirêlô lo ya leswê ga eyô gotlhêlêlê mo mafelông a a gaufi le ditorôpôkgolo tsa ditoropopokgolo tse di kwa tlase. Mafelo a a kwa tlase a a phatlaletseng go ralala ditoropokgolo tse dikgolo le one ga a kgone go tsena mo mafaratlhatlheng a go phutha leswe, go nonotsha dikotsi tsa boitekanelo le go tlhaolwa ke lehuma mo mafelong ao".[8]

Boleng jwa tirelo

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Metsi a teng a sa kgaotse mo e ka nnang mo ditoropong tsotlhe tse di fa gare le tse dikgolo.[9] Mo toropong ya Layoune, e e direlwang ke setheo sa go ntsha letswai mo metsing a lewatle se se se nang maatla a a lekaneng go tlamela toropo yotlhe, metsi a ne a sa tlhomama ka 2010. Ke fela diperesente di le 21 tsa leswe le le kgobokantsweng le le phêpafadiwang pele ga le tshololwa mo tikologông. [citation needed]

Hisitori le ditiragalô tsa bosheng

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Tirelo ya poraefete ka nako ya puso ya tshireletso

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Ka nako ya French Protectorate, go simolola ka 1912, metsi le leswe mo ditoropong tse dintsi tse dikgolo tsa Morocco di ne di laolwa ka fa tlase ga tetla ya kompône ya sephiri ya Société Marocaine de Distribution d'eau, de gaz et d'electricité (SMD). SMD, mokgatlhô ô o êtêlêtsweng pele ke Lyonnaise des Eaux, o nêêlana ka ditirêlô lo kwa Casablanca, Rabat, Salé, Tangiers le Meknes. Fa e sale ka 1950 SMD gape e ne e tsamaisa porojeke e e botlhokwa ya go fetisa metsi a mantsi: Tlamelo ya metsi go tswa kwa nokeng ya Oum er-Rbia go ya kwa Casablanca. Metsi a mantsi a a neng a romelwa kwa ditoropong tse dingwe tse di neng di sa kgone go ipha metsi go tswa mo metsweding ya metsi ya selegae e ne e le boikarabelo jwa khampani ya setšhaba e e bidiwang Régie d'exploitation industrielle du protectorat (REIP) e e neng ya tlhomiwa mo masimologong a bo1930.[10] Motheo wa dikarolo tse pedi tse di botlhokwa tsa lefapha la gompieno la metsi le leswe la leswe - ditshiamelo tsa poraefete tsa go aba metsi mo ditoropong tse dikgolo le khampani ya bosetšhaba ya setšhaba ya go aba metsi a mantsi - di ne di setse di beilwe ka nako ya protectorate.

Go dirwa ga naga morago ga boipuso

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Morago ga boipuso ka ngwaga wa 1956 ditsamaiso tsa kabo ya metsi di ne tsa dirwa bosetšhaba mme tsa newa dikhampani tsa setšhaba mo ditoropong tse dikgolo, tse di bidiwang Régies. Tsamaiso ya metsi a mantsi go tswa kwa Nokeng ya Oum Er-Rbia go ya kwa Casablanca e ne ya sala e le mo diatleng tsa concessionnaire ya poraefete ya SMD.[10] Metsi a mantsi mo nageng yotlhe a ne a newa khampani e ntšha ya metsi ya bosetšhaba e e neng ya tlhomiwa ka 1972, Office National de l'Eau Potable (ONEP).[11]

Molao o mošwa wa taolo ya metswedi ya metsi le lenaneo la metsi a kwa magaeng (1995)

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Ka 1995 go ne ga fetisiwa Molao o mosha o o feletseng wa Metsi (Molao 10-95). E ne e ikaeletse go fetola tsela e go tlhokomelwang metswedi ya metsi ka yone go tswa mo go atoloseng tlamelo go ya go go laola patlego mme ka nako eo e ne e tsewa e le "go fetola mokgwa wa go dira dilo". E rulaganyetsa gore go dirwe dilo tse di tla thusang gore metsi a dirisiwe ka tsela e e nang le matswela, gore go nne le thulaganyo e e botoka ya go aba metsi le gore go sirelediwe boleng jwa metsi ka go dirisa molaomotheo wa gore modirisi o duela le molaomotheo wa gore motho yo o kgotlelang o duela. Molao ono gape o ne wa dira motheo wa semolao wa go tlhomiwa ga ditheo tsa metsi a a mo nokeng tse di dirisiwang go laola metswedi ya metsi ka tsela e e rulaganeng, tse di neng di tlhotlhelediwa ke dikai tsa ditheo tse di ntseng jalo kwa Fora le Spain, gareng ga dinaga tse dingwe. Ka 1996 go ne ga tlhomiwa mokgatlho wa Oum Er-Rbia e le mokgatlho wa ntlha wa kgaolo ya metsi kwa Morocco. Ka 2000 go ne ga tlhomiwa ditheo mo dikgaolong tse dingwe tse thataro tse dikgolo tsa naga. Le fa go ntse jalo, ditheo tsa kgaolo eno di tsere dingwaga di le dintsi mme di sa ntse di le bokoa. Morago ga dingwaga di feta lesome molao ono o sena go amogelwa, o sa ntse o sa dirisiwe ka botlalo.

Gape ka ngwaga wa 1995, puso e simolotse lenaneo le le kwa godimo la Metsi a a Nowang a kwa magaeng (Programme d'approvisionnement groupé en eau potable des populations rurales - PAGER) go lebana le kgwetlho ya go nna le metsi a a nowang a a kwa tlase thata mo mafelong a selegae. Lenaneo le dirwa ke ONEP, e maikarabelo a yone a atolositsweng go tswa kwa ditoropong go ya kwa metseselegaeng ka lenaneo (bona gape ka fa tlase ga mekgwa e mesha le tiriso e e siameng ya boditšhabatšhaba).

Go dirwa ga metsi a poraefete kwa bofelong jwa dingwaga tsa bo1990

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

E re ka Régie e e neng e direla Casablanca e ne e na le rekoto e e kwa tlase ya tirelo puso e ne ya fetsa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1990 go tlisa Kompone e e ikemetseng go tsamaisa metsi, leswe le mafaratlhatlha a motlakase a toropo. Setlhopha se se bidiwang Lydec, se se neng se eteletswe pele ke Lyonnaise des Eaux (e jaanong e leng SUEZ), se ne sa fiwa tetla ya dingwaga di le 30 ntle le go gaisana ka 1997. Tumelelo ya Casablanca e ne ya bula tsela ya tumelelo e e latelang kwa Rabat, Tangiers le Tetouan. Le fa tetla ya Rabat e ne ya fiwa Vivendi ka tlhamalalo ka 1998, tetla ya Tangiers le Tetouan e ne ya newa ka 2002 morago ga go gaisana le Amendis, e leng lekala la Vivendi.

Ka ngwaga wa 2000 tumelelo ya ntlha ya dingwaga di le 50 ya SMD, e leng lekala la Lyonnaise, ya go tlamela ka metsi a mantsi kwa Casablanca e ne ya ntšhafadiwa.[10]

Ka ngwaga wa 2000 Molao wa ONEP o ne wa fetolwa go akaretsa leswe (go phepafatsa le go phepafatsa metsi a a leswe) mo thulaganyong ya ONEP. Ka nako e e tshwanang, ditlhotlhwa tsa metsi a a leswe (redevance d'assainissement) di ne tsa simololwa, le fa di le kwa tlase thata ga 1 Dirham/m3, mme go ne ga tlhomiwa lenaneo

Go tlhamiwa ga ONEE ka go kopana ga ONEP le ONE

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Ka nako ya go tlhamiwa sesha ga Kabinete morago ga ditlhopho ka 2007, Lefapha la Tikologo le Metsi ka fa letlhakoreng le lengwe, le Lefapha la Eneteri le Meepo ka fa go le lengwe, di ne tsa kopanngwa go nna "Lefapha le Legolo" le le lengwe. Mo Lefapheng leno go na le Mokwaledi wa Naga yo o rweleng maikarabelo a metsi le tikologo. Lefapha la Tikologo le Metsi le ne le tlhamilwe ka 2002, le kopanya maikarabelo a pele a neng a gasame mo mafapheng a le mmalwa.

Ka ngwaga wa 2009 Kabinete e ne ya amogela molao (Molao 40 09) o o bonelang pele kgolagano ya maano (go kopanngwa gape) magareng ga ONEP le tirelo ya motlakase ya bosetšhaba ONE. Maikaelelo ke go atolosa ikonomi ya bogolo jwa go duelela le go tlhokomela, e e setseng e fitlheletswe mo dithulaganyong le mo dikgaolong mo ditoropong tse dikgolo, go ya kwa mafelong a mangwe a naga. Molaotlhomo o tlhotlhelediwa ke dikakantsho tsa diphetogo tse di neng tsa tlhagisiwa mo dipatlisisong tse di farologaneng, go akaretsa le e nngwe e e neng ya dirwa ke khampani ya McKinsey e e neng e gakololwa ke batsamaisi e e neng yi direlwa Lefapha la Merero ya Selegae ka 2004. Ka Sedimonthole 2011 molao o ne wa amogelwa ke Palamente mme mokgatlho o mošwa, Office National de l'Electricité et de l'Eau Potable (ONEE), o ne wa tlhamiwa. E e kileng ya bo e le ONEP e ne ya nna "karolo ya metsi".[12]

Boitshwaro jo bo siameng jwa boditšhabatšhaba le mekgwa e mesha

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Gareng ga ditiro tse di farologaneng tsa metsi le tsa go tlosa leswe kwa Morocco tse di simolotsweng mo dingwageng tse di masome a mabedi tse di fetileng, lenaneo la metsi le go tlosa lesfe la kwa magaeng la PAGER le amogetswe jaaka mokgwa o o siameng wa boditšhabatšhaba ke Lekgotla la Ditšhaba Tse di Kopaneng. Mo godimo ga moo, porojeke ya thuso e ntšha e e ikaegileng ka ntshodikuno ya go atolosa phihlelelo ya metsi le leswe le simolotswe ka 2007.

Lenanêô la metsi a kwa magaeng PAGER

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Ka ngwaga wa 2004 lenaneo la bosetšhaba la metsi a kwa magaeng PAGER le ne la amogela Sekgele sa Tirelo ya Setšhaba sa Ditšhaba tse di Kopaneng mo karolong ya go tokafatsa diphelelo tsa tirelo ya setšhaba. Porojeke e ikaegile ka melawana e mebedi ya motheo: tiriso ya thekenoloji e e motlhofo le go nna le seabe ga baamogedi mo dikgato tsotlhe tsa porojeke go tloga ka tlhatlhobo ya ditlhokego go ya go tlhamo, tiragatso le tlhatlhobo. Lenaneo la US$1bn le le simolotsweng ka 1995 le ikaeletse go fitlhelela batho ba le dimilione di le 12 go fitlha ka 2010. Lenaneo le golola basadi le bana mo morwaleng wa go rwala metsi.[13] Tshekatsheko ya 2001 ya World Bank e bontshitse gore go ikwadisa ga dikolo mo metseng e e solegelwang molemo go oketsegile ka 16%.[14]

Go ya ka tshedimosetso ya semmuso le dipego tsa metswedi ya dikgang ya Morocco, PAGER e okeditse go bona metsi mo mafelong a selegae go tswa go 14% ka 1995 go ya go 61% ka 2004 le 77% ka 2006.[15][16] Go ya ka tshedimosetso ya patlisiso, go fitlhelela matlo mo mafelong a selegae go oketsegile go tswa go 10% ka 1995 go ya go 20% ka 2004. Go ya ka patlisiso e e tshwanang, go fitlhelela motswedi o o tokafaditsweng wa metsi mo mafelong a selegae go ne ga nna go sa fetoge magareng ga 1995 le 2004 ka 58%. Ga go itsiwe sentle gore tshedimosetso ya patlisiso le tshedimosetso ya PAGER e ka kopanngwa jang.

Ka ngwaga wa 2007, ba ba nang le tetla ya poraefete kwa Casablanca, Tangiers le Tetouan, mmogo le badiri ba metsi ba setšhaba ba Meknes ba simolotse go tsenya tirisong diporojeke tsa go tlhatlhoba metsi le go tlosa leswe go ya ka mokgwa o mosha wa go thusa o o ikaegileng ka ntshodikuno. Maikaelelo ke go atolosa metsi le go tsamaisana le leswe go ya kwa malapeng a le 11.300 mo mafelong a a humanegileng, a a se nang dikgaolo, a a gaufi le ditoropokgolo. Diporojeke tsa go lekeletsa ke karolo ya National Human Development Initiative mme di tshegediwa ka madi a US$7 million ke Global Partnership for Output-Based Aid (GPOBA) e e laolwang ke World Bank. Ke lekgetlo la ntlha GPOBA, e e rotloetsang thata lefapha la poraefete, e neela thuso ya madi go modiri wa metsi wa setšhaba. Palogare ya thuso ya thuso ya madi mo go nngwe le nngwe e lekana le US$169 ya metsi le US$606 ya leswe. Palogare ya maemo a thuso ya madi mo go sengwe le sengwe ke 35 peresente. Badiragatsi gape ba simolotse matsholo a go tlhagisa batho go dira gore batho ba itse ka kgetho ya go ikgolaganya le mesele ya leswe ka ditlhopha tse di yang kwa mafelong a marekisetso. Ka fa tlase ga mokgwa wa thuso e e ikaegileng ka ntshodikuno, dipeeletso di duelwa pele ke batlamedi kgotsa ditirelo tsa setšhaba tse di duelwang ke GPOBA fela morago ga gore thulaganyo ya go tlhomamisa e tlhomamisetse gore malapa a golagantswe le go amogela tirelo e e lekaneng. Go ya ka Banka ya Lefatshe, mokgwa wa thuso o o ikaegileng ka ntshodikuno o thusitse go tokafatsa ditsamaiso, go fenya dikgoreletsi tsa madi le go rotloetsa tirisanommogo ya batsayakarolo.[17][18]

Maikarabelo a lephata

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Badiragatsi ba konokono mo lefapheng la melao ke Lefapha la Maatla, Meepo, Metsi le Tikologo le le okametseng tsamaiso ya metswedi ya metsi le Lefapha la Merero ya Selegae le le okametse kabo ya metsi le leswe. Mo maemong a go tlamela ka ditirelo, batshameki ba konokono ke tirelo ya motlakase le metsi ya bosetšhaba ya ONEE, badiri ba le 3 ba ba ikemetseng ka nosi le ditirelo di le 13 tsa mmasepala. Toropo e kgolo go di feta tsotlhe mo nageng, Casablanca, e direlwa ke modiri wa poraefete Lydec. Mo godimo ga ditheo tse di fa godimo, baemedi ba le supa ba metsi ba na le maikarabelo a go tsamaisa metswedi ya metsi. Le fa go ntse jalo, ditheo tseno di sa ntse di le bokoa.

Ka kakaretso, lefapha le lemogiwa ka thulaganyo e e raraaneng le e e kgaoganeng, e - go ya ka pego ya 2004 ya World Bank - "e kgoreleditseng go tlhamiwa ga pono e e akaretsang ya lefapha lotlhe le go tlhomiwa ga maikaelelo a melao a a utlwanang".[19]

Molao le taolo

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Bolaodi jo bo kwa godimo jwa sepolotiki mo lephateng la metsi la kwa Morocco bo mo go Khansele e e Kwa Godimo ya Metsi le Tlelaemete (Conseil Supérieur de l'Eau et du Climat) e e okametsweng ke Tonakgolo le Moporesidente wa Tlotlo wa Kgosi. E ne ya tlhomiwa ka 1996, e emisetsa Khansele e Kgolo ya pele e e neng ya tlhomiwa ka 1981. E akaretsa baemedi ba mafapha otlhe a a amegang ka metsi, baemedi ba dipuso tsa dikgaolo le mekgatlho ya badirisi ba metsi, mmogo le barutegi, mekgatlho ya badiri le mekgatlho ya kgwebo. Le fa gone lekgotla leno le tshwanetse go kopana gangwe ka ngwaga go ya ka molawana wa lone wa go tlhoma, la bofelo le ne la kopana ka 2001. Pokano ya yone ya bofelo e ne ya tshwarwa ka 1994. Go ya ka molao o o tshwanang, tiro ya go nna mokwaledi wa Khansele e dirwa ke Lefapha la Ditiro tsa Setšhaba. Le fa go ntse jalo, ditiro tsotlhe tse di amanang le metsi di ne tsa fudusiwa go tswa kwa Lefapheng la Ditiro tsa Setšhaba go ya kwa Lefapheng le le sa tswang go tlhomiwa la Metsi le Tikologo ka 2002.

United States

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USAID e ne ya tshegetsa tsamaiso e e tokafaditsweng ya metswedi ya metsi mo mokgatšheng wa Souss-Masa magareng ga 1999 le 2005.

  1. Royaume du Maroc:Débat National sur l'Eau.
  2. Global Water Intelligence:Moroccan capital eyes greater reuse capacity, January 2009.
  3. World Bank and KfW:Revue stratégique du Porgamme National d'Assainissement, 2008, p. 4, quoting a study by Xanthoulis, Soudi and Khalayoune of 2001
  4. Global Water Intelligence:Morocco to deliver boost to desalination sector.
  5. "Agadir paves way for PPP in Moroccan desal". Global Water Intelligence, July 2014. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
  6. The WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program for Water and Sanitation estimates that half of all springs are protected springs, and that this half can thus be considered an improved water source.
  7. EPSF, Morocco 2003/2004 (PAPFAM)
  8. World Bank:Kingdom of Morocco.
  9. World Bank:Kingdom of Morocco.
  10. 10.0 10.1 10.2 Claude de Miras and Xavier Godard:Les firmes concessionnaires de service public au Maroc:eau potable, assainissement et transport collectifs, in:Méditerrannée, No. 106 (2006), p. 114-117
  11. Office National de l'Eau Potable:Présentation ONEP.
  12. "L'ONE et l'ONEP fusionnent sous la bannière de l'ONEE". Labass.net. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
  13. United Nations:UN Public Service Award Ceremony, Report of the Second Award Ceremony, 23 June 2004, New York.
  14. Abdelbikr Zahoud, Secretary of State for Water:Presentation of PAGER at the UN, 2004, Slide 18.
  15. Aujourd'hui le Maroc:Pager : de l’eau potable pour tous.
  16. Secretary of State for Water:AMELIORATIONS APPORTEES PAR LE PAGER.
  17. Subsidies for the Poor: An Innovative Output-Based Aid Approach Providing Basic Services to Poor Periurban Neighborhoods in Morocco Xavier Chauvot de Beauchêne and Pier Mantovani, 2009
  18. "The Global Partnership on Output-based Aid - Further detailed information on the OBA project in Morocco". Archived from the original on 2011-07-26. Retrieved 2009-12-06.
  19. World Bank:Kingdom of Morocco.