Phetogo ya seemo sa loapi mo Aforika

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Phetogo ya seemo sa loapi mo Aforika e na le matshosetsi ka jaana Aforika e le nngwe ya di kontinente tse di motlhofo go amiwa ke ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya loapi.[1][2][3]Metswedi mengwe e bolela fa Aforika e le yone kontinente e e amegang thata mo lefatsheng.[4][5]Go amega mo go laolwa ke dilo dingwe di akaretsa go nna bokoa go itepatepanya le diemo, go ikaega ka dimela le diphologolo le go tlhoka go tlhabologa ga tsa temothuo.[6] Borai jwa phetogo ya loapi mo go tsa temothuo, tshireletso ya dijo, metswedi ya metsi le ditirelo tsa tikologo bo ka nna le ditlamorago tse di botlhoko mo matshelong le mo tlhabololong mo Aforika.[7] Ntle le pelaelo epe ba IPCC ka ngwaga wa 2007 ba ne ba bolella fa mafatshe a le mantsi le dikgaolo tse di mo Aforika, go ntsha maduo ga temothuo le tshireletso ya dijo go tla wela tlase ka ntata ya phetogo ya seemo sa loapi le go farologana ga loapi.[8] Go laola bodiphatsa bo go tlhoka gore go tswakanngwe ditsela tsa go emisa le tsa go tlwaela seemo mo taolong ya dijo le ditirelo tsa tikologo le tsamaiso ya temothuo mo Aforika.[9]


Mo dingwageng tse di masome tse di tlang, go thuthafala mo go bakiwang ke phetogo ya loapi go solofetswe mo lefatsheng ka bophara, mme pula e tla oketsega. [10]Gompieno Aforika o thuthafala ka bofefo go gaisa dikontinente tse dingwe mo lefatsheng. Bontlha jo bo tona jwa kontinente bo ka felela bo sa nnege ka ntlha ya lobelo lo phetogo ya seemo sa loapi e lo tabogang, se se ka nna le ditlamorago tse di maswe mo botsogong jwa batho, tshireletso ya dijo le khumanego.[11][12][13]Go solofelwa gore ditlamorago mo go neng ga pula di farologane mme ebile sesupo sa phetogo mo lefelong le le lengwe ga e tlhomamisege,le fa mme phetogo e solofetswe. Selekanyo sa mogote mo Aforika se oketsegile ka 1 degrees celcius fa e sale ka 19th century go tsena ka dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa 21st century, mme kwa Sahel selekanyo sa mogote se se kwa tlase kwa phelelong ya paka ya komelelo ke 3 degrees celcius.[14]


Sekai, lefatshe la Kenya le itemogela bokoa jo bo kwa godimo fa go tla mo ditlamoragong tsa phetogo ya seemo sa loapi. Borai jwa phetogo ya loapi bo akaretsa komelelo le merwalela, di patlisiso tse disha di abelela fa go tla nna le dipula tse dintsi mme di sa kgone go bonelwa pele. Fa godimo ga moo, dipelaelo tse dingwe ke gore mogote o tla ya kwa godimo ka 0.5 go ema ka 2 degrees celcius.[15] Mo mafelong a ditoropo a tletseng boidiidi jwa batho kwa Nairobi, Kenya, seemo sa bothibelelo jwa bo maipaafela se ka gakatsa ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya seemo sa loapi le borai jwa dibetsa tsa tlholego.[16] Seemo sa bothibelelo jwa bo maipaafela se baka go thuthafala ga bosa ka ntlha ya didirisiwa tsa dikago, go tlhoka phefo, le go tlhoka go bona motlakase le ditirelo tse dingwe.[17] Go thibela borai jwa phetogo ya seemo sa loapi mo mafelo a, go ka nna botlhokwa go tlhabolola mathibelelo a jaaka dikago tsa toropo tse di agetsweng go itepatepanya le phetogo ya seemo sa loapi.

Fa go tla mo maitekong a go itepatepanya le seemo, batsayakarolo mo kgaolong ba tsweletse pele. Se se akaretsa go tlhabolola le go tsaya karolo mo mananeong a le mmalwa a go itepetepanya le phetogo ya seemo sa loapi. Sekai. SADC Policy Paper Climate Change, le lenaneo la go itepatepanya le seemo la lephata la metsi. Fa godimo ga foo, go nnile le maiteko a mangwe a go atolosa go itepatepanya le phetogo ya loapi, jaaka Programme on Climate Change Adaptation, Mitigation in eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA-EAC-SADC).


Jaaka lekgotla le laolang mafatshe a le masome matlhano le botlhano, African Union e beile pele dielo di le masome mane le bosupa le ditiro tse di tsamaelanang le tsone mo pegong e e santseng e tla tlhaololwa ya 2014 go emisa le go fokotsa phetogo ya loapi mo kgaolon. Mokwaledimogolo wa United Nations o tlhalositse gape botlhokwa jwa go nna le tirisanommogo le lekgotla la African Union go rarabolola phetogo ya loapi, go lebilwe SustaInable development goals tsa United Nations. United Nations e abelela gore fa go lebilwe koketsego ya dipalo tsa batho mo Aforika, madi a a kana ka $1.3 trillion a tla tlhokega ngwaga le ngwaga go kgona go fitlhelela seelo sa Sustainable Development Goals mo Aforika. International Monetary Fund le yone e abelela fa $50 billion a tlaa tlhokega go duela ditshenyegelo tsa go itepatepanya le phetogo loapi.[18][19][20]

Tlhotlheletso mo tikologong ya tlholego[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Selekanyo sa mogote le phetogo ya seemo sa bosa[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Go etswe tlhoko fa mogote wa moalo wa lefatshe o ile kwa godimo mo Aforika fa e sale ka 19th century go fitlhelela ka 21st century ka mogote wa 1 degrees celcius, mme mo gae mogote oo kwa tlase kwa Sahel fa paka e e omeletseng e fela e le 3 degrees celcius.[14] Pula yone go lemogilwe fa e sa ne e le ntsi ebile e sa ne mo karolong yotlhe ka bophara jaaka go solofetswe. [15][2]Diphetogo tse di etsweng tlhoko mo selekanyong sa mogote le pula di a farologana.[16][15]


Ditlhotlhomiso tse di dirilweng ka ngwaga wa 2019 di akanyeditse fa paka ya komelelo e tla tsaya lobaka ka nako ya dipula mme gape go nne le dipula tse di matsorotsoro mo Aforika.[3] Ka mafoko a mangwe maemo a a feteletseng a bosa a tla gakalela pele.[4] Patlisiso e lemogile fa didirisiwa tse di lekanyang di ka se kgone go bona selekanyo sa diphetogo tse ka di sa direlwa go kapa selekanyo se se kalo.[3]

Metswedi ya metsi[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Boleng le go nna teng ga metsi go ile kwa tlase mo mafelong a le mantsi mo Aforika, segolo jang ka ntata ya phetogo ya loapi.[21] Metswedi ya metsi e mo kotsing e bile e na le kgonagalo ya go amiwa thata ke phetogo ya seemo sa loapi ka ditlamorago tse dikgolo mo sechabeng.[22] IPCC e akanyetsa fa dimilione tsa batho mo Aforika ba tla tswelela ka go tlhoka metsi ka ntlha ya pharologanyo ya seemo sa loapi le phetogo. (IPCC 2013). Diphetogo tsa ka fa pula e nang ka teng di ama go elela ga metsi mo lefatsheng le go nna teng ga metsi.[23] Phetogo mo go dikologeng ga metsi go ka nna le seabe se segolo mo mekgatsheng ya dinoka mo Aforika. Go tlhabolola go tlhaloganya diphetogo tse di fetileng le ste di santseng di tla mo go nneng teng ga metsi ka ntlha ya phetogo ya loapi,

Tlhotlheletso mo bathong[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Phetogo ya seemo sa loapi e tla tswelela ka go ama Aforika ka ntlha ya mabaka a le mantsi. Manokonoko a a setse a kgona go utlwiwa mme a tla tswelela ka go oketsega fa go sa tsewe kgato epe go fokotsa kgaso ya mowa o o borai mo lefatsheng ka bophara. Manokonoko a akaretsa mogote o o kwa godimo, lenyora, go fetoga ga ka fa pula e nang ka teng lego oketsega ga dipharologanyo tsa phetogo ya loapi. Diemo tse di na le seabe mo go fetlheng motlakase le tiriso ya one. Lenyora le le nnileng teng mo malobeng mo mafatsheng a le mantsi a Aforika, mo go amantsweng le phetogo ya loapi, go amile go fetlhiwa ga motlakase le kgolo ya itsholelo mo kontinenteng ka bophara.

Aforika e tla nna nngwe ya dikgaolo tse di amilweng thata ke manokonoko a phetogo ya seemo sa loapi.[24] Mabaka a gore Aforika a bo a tshabelelwa ke go amega a a farologana ebile a akaretsa selekanyo se se kwa tlase sa go itepatepanya le phetogo e. Mafatshe a le mantsi mo Aforika a wela mo mafatsheng a a kwa tlase mo ditlhabologong, mme ka jalo a lebanwe ke dikgwetlho tse di farologaneng fa go tla mo go tsibogeleng manokonoko a phetogo ya loapi.[25]

Metswedi[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

  1. ↑ Schneider, S. H.; et al. (2007). "19.3.3 Regional vulnerabilities". In Parry, M. L.; et al. (eds.). Chapter 19: Assessing Key Vulnerabilities and the Risk from Climate Change. Climate change 2007: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability: contribution of Working Group II to the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Cambridge University Press (CUP): Cambridge, UK: Print version: CUP. This version: IPCC website. ISBN 978-0-521-88010-7. Archived from the original on 12 March 2013. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Niang, I.; O. C. Ruppel; M. A. Abdrabo; A. Essel; C. Lennard; J. Padgham, and P. Urquhart, 2014: Africa. In: Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part B: Regional Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Barros, V. R.; C. B. Field; D. J. Dokken et al. (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1199–1265. https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap22_FINAL.pdf
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Kendon, Elizabeth J.; Stratton, Rachel A.; Tucker, Simon; Marsham, John H.; Berthou, Ségolène; Rowell, David P.; Senior, Catherine A. (2019). "Enhanced future changes in wet and dry extremes over Africa at convection-permitting scale". Nature Communications. 10 (1): 1794. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10.1794K. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-09776-9. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 6478940. PMID 31015416.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "More Extreme Weather in Africa's Future, Study Says | The Weather Channel – Articles from The Weather Channel | weather.com". The Weather Channel. Retrieved 1 July 2022.
  5. ↑ United Nations, UNEP (2017). "Responding to climate change". UNEP – UN Environment Programme. Retrieved 1 July 2022.
  6. ↑ Ofoegbu, Chidiebere; Chirwa, P. W. (19 May 2019). "Analysis of rural people's attitude towards the management of tribal forests in South Africa". Journal of Sustainable Forestry. 38 (4): 396–411. doi:10.1080/10549811.2018.1554495. ISSN 1054-9811. S2CID 92282095.
  7. ↑ Niang, I.; O. C. Ruppel; M. A. Abdrabo; A. Essel; C. Lennard; J. Padgham, and P. Urquhart, 2014: Africa. In: Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part B: Regional Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Barros, V. R.; C. B. Field; D. J. Dokken et al.(eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1199–1265
  8. ↑ Boko, M. (2007). "Executive summary". In Parry, M. L.; et al. (eds.). Chapter 9: AfricaClimate change 2007: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability: contribution of Working Group II to the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Cambridge University Press (CUP): Cambridge, UK: Print version: CUP. This version: IPCC website. ISBN 978-0-521-88010-7. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
  9. ↑ Ofoegbu, Chidiebere; Chirwa, P. W.; Francis, J.; Babalola, F. D. (3 July 2019). "Assessing local-level forest use and management capacity as a climate-change adaptation strategy in Vhembe district of South Africa". Climate and Development. 11 (6): 501–512. doi:10.1080/17565529.2018.1447904. hdl:2263/64496. ISSN 1756-5529. S2CID 158887449.
  10. ↑ "Global Warming of 1.5 ºC —". Retrieved 16 February 2020.
  11. ↑ European Investment Bank (6 July 2022). EIB Group Sustainability Report 2021. European Investment Bank. ISBN 978-92-861-5237-5.
  12. ↑ "Climate change triggers mounting food insecurity, poverty and displacement in Africa". public.wmo.int. 18 October 2021. Retrieved 26 July 2022.
  13. ↑ "Global warming: severe consequences for Africa". Africa Renewal. 7 December 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2022.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Rural societies in the face of climatic and environmental changes in West Africa. Marseille: IRD éditions. 2017. ISBN 978-2-7099-2424-5. OCLC 1034784045. Impr. Jouve.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal. "Kenya (Vulnerability)". Retrieved 28 January 2021.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Sverdlik, A.; et al. (2019). "Realising the Multiple Benefits of Climate Resilience and Inclusive Development in Informal Settlements" (PDF). Retrieved 29 January 2021.
  17. ↑ Hirch, Aurther (November 2017). "Effects of climate change likely to be more deadly in poor African settlements".
  18. ↑ European Investment Bank (19 October 2022). Finance in Africa - Navigating the financial landscape in turbulent times. European Investment Bank. ISBN 978-92-861-5382-2.
  19. ↑ Financing for Sustainable Development Report 2021" (PDF). UN.
  20. ↑ United Nations. "Population growth, environmental degradation and climate change". United Nations. Retrieved 28 October 2022.
  21. ↑ Rankoana, Sejabaledi Agnes (1 January 2020). "Climate change impacts on water resources in a rural community in Limpopo province, South Africa: a community-based adaptation to water insecurity". International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management. 12 (5): 587–598. doi:10.1108/IJCCSM-04-2020-0033. ISSN 1756-8692.
  22. ↑ "Climate Change and Water — IPCC". Retrieved 8 August 2019.
  23. ↑ Fowler, H. J.; Blenkinsop, S.; Tebaldi, C. (October 2007). "Linking climate change modelling to impacts studies: recent advances in downscaling techniques for hydrological modelling". International Journal of Climatology. 27 (12): 1547–1578. Bibcode:2007IJCli..27.1547F. doi:10.1002/joc.1556. S2CID 53472608.
  24. ↑ IPCC (2014). Africa. In: Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (PDF).
  25. ↑ UNDP/GEF (2018). Climate Change Adaptation in Africa UNDP: Synthesis of Experiences and Recommendations (PDF). UNDP/GEF.
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