Sophia of Prussia

Maina
	Sophie Dorothea Ulrike Alice

Sophia of Prussia
Sophia of Prussia
	Official photograph, 1913
Queen consort of the Hellenes
Tenure	18 March 1913 – 11 June 1917
Tenure	19 December 1920 – 27 September 1922
Tsalo	14 Seetebosigo 1870; New Palace, Potsdam, Kingdom of Prussia
Leso	13 Ferikgong 1932 (aged 61); Frankfurt, Hesse-Nassau, Free State of Prussia, Weimar Republic
Phitho	16 January 1932; Greek Orthodox Church, Florence, Italy ; 22 November 1936 ; Royal Cemetery, Tatoi Palace, Greece
Mathata	George II, King of Greece; Alexander, King of Greece; Helen, Queen Mother of Romania; Paul, King of Greece; Irene, Queen of Croatia and Duchess of Aosta; Princess Katherine, Lady Brandram;
Maina
Maina
	Sophie Dorothea Ulrike Alice
Ntlo	Hohenzollern
Rraagwe	Frederick III, German Emperor
Mmagwe	Victoria, Princess Royal
Tumelo	Greek Orthodox; previously Lutheran

Sophia wa Prussia (Sophie Dorothea Ulrike Alice, Greek: Σοφία Δωροθέα Ουλρίκη Αλίκη, romanized: Sofía Dorothéa Oulríki Alíki; 14 Seetebosigo 1870 - 13 Hirikgong ka ngwaga wa 1932) e ne e le Kgosigadi ya Gerika go tloga ka 1913 go fitlha ka 1917 le go tloga ka 1920 go fitlha ka 1922 jaaka mosadi wa Kgosi Constantine I.

E re ka e ne e le leloko la Ntlo ya Ba-Hohenzollern e bile e le ngwana wa ga Frederick III, Mmusimogolo wa Jeremane, Sophia o ne a rutwa ka tsela e e neng e bontsha gore o rata bodumedi jwa gagwe e bile o ne a rata le go rata batho ba ba buang Seesemane, mme a rutiwa ke mmaagwe e bong Victoria, Kgosigadi ya Segosi. Ka 1889, mo e ka nnang ngwaga morago ga loso lwa ga rraagwe, o ne a nyala ntsalae wa boraro e bong Constantine, yo e neng e le moruaboswa wa setulo sa bogosi sa Gerika. Morago ga go tlwaela botshelo jwa kwa nageng e ntšha, Sophia o ne a tshola bana ba le barataro mme a simolola go thusa bahumanegi, a latela dikgato tsa ga matsalaagwe e bong Kgosigadi Olga. Le fa go ntse jalo, e ne e le ka nako ya dintwa tse Greece e neng ya lebana le tsone kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bo lesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bo masome a mabedi le la dingwaga fa Sophia a ne a bontsha go nna le seabe mo ditirong tsa loago: o ne a tlhoma dikokelo tsa kwa nageng, a okamela go thapisiwa ga baoki ba Bagerika, le go alafa masole a a gobetseng.

Le fa go ntse jalo, Sophia ga a ka a duelelwa ditiro tsa gagwe, tota le fa mmemogolo wa gagwe e bong Kgosigadi Victoria a ne a mo tlotlomatsa ka Sefapaano se Sehibidu sa Segosi morago ga Ntwa ya Malatsi a le Masome a Mararo: Bagerika ba ne ba tshwaya diphoso dikamano tsa gagwe le Jeremane. Morwarragwe yo mogolo, e bong Mmusimogolo wa Jeremane e bong William II, e ne e le tsala ya Mmusomogolo wa Ottoman mme o ne a ganetsa ka tlhamalalo go agiwa ga Kakanyo ya Megali, e e neng e ka dira gore go nne le puso ya Gerika e e neng e tla akaretsa mafelo otlhe a a neng a nniwa ke Bagerika. Ka nako ya Ntwa ya Lefatshe I, kamano e e neng e le teng fa gare ga ga Sophia le Mmusimogolo le yone e ne ya tsosa dipelaelo tsa Lekgotla la Ba-Triple Entente, le le neng la tshwaya Constantine I phoso ka go bo a ne a sa tseye letlhakore mo ntweng.

Morago ga go thibela Gerika le go ema nokeng puso ya motsuolodi ya ga Eleftherios Venizelos, e e neng ya baka Kgaogano ya Setšhaba, Fora le ditsala tsa yone ba ne ba tlosa Constantine mo setulong ka Seetebosigo ka ngwaga wa 1917. Morago ga moo, Sophia le lelapa la gagwe ba ne ba tshabela kwa Switzerland. Morwa wa bobedi wa ga Sophia e bong Alexander, o ne a tlhatlhama rraagwe mo setulong sa bogosi. Ka nako e e tshwanang, Gerika e ne ya tsena mo ntweng mmogo le Triple Entente, e leng se se neng sa dira gore e gole thata. Morago ga go runya ga Ntwa ya Gerika le Turkey ka ngwaga wa

1919 le loso lwa pele ga nako lwa ga Alexander mo ngwageng o o latelang, Ba-Venizel ba ne ba tlogela go busa, ba letla lelapa la segosi go boela kwa Athena. Le fa go ntse jalo, go fenngwa ga masole a Gerika kgatlhanong le masole a Turkey a ga Mustafa Kemal go ne ga pateletsa Constantine gore a tlogele bogosi ka ngwaga wa 1922, mme ka nako eo morwawe yo mogolo o ne a nna Kgosi George II. Sophia le lelapa la gagwe ba ne ba patelediwa go ya botshwarwa gape, mme ba ya go nna kwa Italy, koo Constantine a neng a tlhokafala teng ngwaga moragonyana, ka ngwaga ka 1923. Fa Repaboliki e ne e tlhongwa kwa Athena mo ngwageng o o latelang, Sophia o ne a fetsa dingwaga tsa gagwe tsa bofelo a na le ba lelapa la gagwe, pele a tlhokafala ka ntlha ya kankere kwa Jeremane ka ngwaga wa 1932 a na le dingwaga di le masome a marataro le bongwe.

Botshelo jwa gagwe

Kgosigadi wa Prussia le Germany

Go tsholwa mo maemong a thata

Kgosigadi Sophie o belegetswe kwa Neues Palais kwa Potsdam, Prussia, ka lesome le bone Seetebosigo ka ngwaga wa 1870.^[1] jaaka morwadia Frederick William, Kgosana ya Prussia, le Victoria, Kgosigadi ya Royal ya United Kingdom. Kgosana e ne e le morwa wa ga Kgosi William I wa Prussia, mme Kgosigadi e ne e le ngwana yo mogolo wa ga Kgosigadi Victoria le Kgosana Albert. Frederick William le Victoria e ne e setse e le batsadi ba lelapa le legolo mme jaaka ngwana wa bofelo, Sophie o ne a le monnye ka dingwaga di le lesome le bongwe go feta mogolowe, yo e neng e tla nna William II wa Jeremane. Batsadi ba ga Sophie ba ne ba atamalane thata, mo maikutlong le mo go tsa dipolotiki. E re ka e ne e le balweladiphetogo ba ba tlhoafetseng, ba ne ba nna kgakala le kgotla ya kwa Berlin mme ba ne ba bogisiwa ke maano a a neng a dirwa ke mokanseleri wa kwa Jeremane yo o neng a le kelotlhoko thata, Otto von Bismarck, le maloko a Ntlo ya ga Hohenzollern.^[2]

Beke morago ga go tsholwa ga ga Sophie, kgetsi e e amanang le go tlhatlhama setulo sa bogosi sa Spain^[3] e ne ya senya dikamano tsa Fora le Prussia. Go sa utlwane ga Paris le Berlin go ne ga nna maswe le go feta fa Bismarck a sena go gatisa The Ems Telegram ka Phukwi a lesome le boraro ,ka ngwaga wa 1870. Malatsi a le marataro morago ga moo, puso ya Fora e e neng e eteletswe pele ke Mmusimogolo Napoleon III e ne ya bolela gore e lwa le Prussia mme dinaga tsa German Confederation di ne tsa ema Prussia nokeng, e ka nako eo e neng e lebega e le yone e tlhasetsweng ke puso ya Bafora. E ne e le mo maemong ano a a thata fa Sophie a ne a kolobediwa mo kgweding e e latelang, le mororo banna botlhe ba ba neng ba le teng ba ne ba apere diaparo tsa sesole, ka gonne Fora e ne e tlhaotse Prussia. Mmaagwe Sophie o ne a tlhalosetsa Kgosigadi Victoria jaana ka tiragalo eo: "Kolobetso e ne ya tsamaya sentle, mme e ne e le tiragalo e e hutsafatsang le e e masisi; difatlhego tse di tshwenyegileng le matlho a a tletseng dikeledi, le go nna le maikutlo a go hutsafala le go akanya ka masetlapelo otlhe a a neng a larile kwa pele go ne ga dira gore mokete ono o o neng o tshwanetse go nna wa boitumelo le go leboga o se ka wa nna monate"

Le fa go ntse jalo, ntwa eno e ne ya tsaya dikgwedi di le mmalwa fela e bile e ne ya felela ka gore Jeremane e fenye ka tsela e e gakgamatsang, e leng se se neng sa dira gore rremogolo wa ga Sophie e bong William I a tlhomiwe go nna mmusimogolo wa ntlha wa Jeremane ka Hirikgong ,lesome le boferabobedi ka ngwaga wa 1871.^[4]

Thuto ya go rata puo ya Seesemane

Sophie o ne a itsege jaaka "Sossy" ka nako ya bongwana jwa gagwe (leina le ne le akanywa gore le tlhophetswe ka gonne le ne le tsamaisana le "Mossy", leina la ga kgaitsadie yo mmotlana Margaret).

Bana ba lelapa la Kgosana ba ne ba kgaoganngwa ka dingwaga tse pedi: William, Charlotte, le Henry ba ba neng ba ratiwa ke borraabonemogolo ba bone, fa Viktoria, Sophie le Margaret ba ne ba tlhokomologiwa ke bone. ^[5] Bana ba bangwe ba babedi ba ga Sophie, Sigismund le Waldemar, ba ne ba tlhokafala ba sa le bannye (Sigismund o ne a tlhokafala pele ga a tsholwa, mme Waldemar fa a ne a na le dingwaga di le 11 mme ene a le 8); seno se ne sa dira gore Kgosigadi le bomorwadie ba bararo ba ba botlana ba atamalane thata, a ba bitsa "basetsana ba me ba bararo ba ba botsalano" le "tharo ya me". ^[6]

Kgosigadi e e neng e beilwe setulo sa bogosi, e e neng e dumela gore dilo tsotlhe tsa Seesemane di gaisa tse dingwe, e ne ya dira gore bana ba yone ba dirise nako ya fa e ne e le ngwana. Sophie o godisitswe a rata Engelane thata mme ka ntlha ya seo, o ne a nna a etela nkokoagwe e bong Kgosigadi Victoria, yo a neng a mo rata.^[7]Sophie o ne a tlhola a nna nako e telele kwa Engelane, segolobogolo kwa Isle of Wight, kwa a neng a rata go kgobokanya dikgapetla le bomogoloe.^[8]

E re ka gantsi rremogolo le mmèmogolo wa ga Sophie ba ne ba sa mo rate, batsadi ba gagwe le mmèmogolo wa gagwe ba ne ba mo thusa thata fa a ne a sa ntse a gola. Fa e ne e sa ntse e le mosetsanyana o ne a rata Kgosigadi Victoria thata mo e leng gore Kgosigadi e ne e sa okaoke go tlogela morwadie ka nako e telele a tlhokometswe ke nkokoagwe.^[9]

Kwa Jeremane, Sophie o ne a nna le batsadi ba gagwe mo matlong a mabedi a magolo: Kronprinzenpalais kwa Berlin, le Neues Palais kwa Potsdam.^[10] Fela jaaka bokgaitsadie Viktoria le Margaret, o ne a le gaufi thata le batsadi ba gagwe mme kamano ya bone e ne ya nna gaufi thata morago ga loso ka 1879 lwa ga Waldemar, morwa yo a neng a mo rata thata wa banyalani ba Kgosana ya Korone. ^[11]

Go kopana le Constantine le go beeletsana

Ka 1884, Constantine, Kgosana ya Gerika, o ne a tshwara dingwaga di le lesome le borataro mme puso e ne ya bolela gore o setse a godile. Morago ga moo o ne a fiwa sereto sa go nna Duke wa Sparta.^[12]^[13]Ka bonako morago ga moo, Constantine o ne a fetsa katiso ya gagwe ya sesole kwa Jeremane, koo a neng a fetsa dingwaga tse pedi tse di feletseng a na le morutisi wa gagwe, Dr. Lüders. O ne a direla mo Prussian Guard, a tsaya dithuto tsa go palama dipitse kwa Hanover mme a ithuta saense ya dipolotiki kwa diyunibesithing tsa Heidelberg le Leipzig.

Morago ga go nna lobaka lo loleele kwa Engelane a keteka Jubilee ya gauta ya ga nkokoagwe, Sophie o ne a tlwaelana botoka le Constantine ka selemo sa 1887. Kgosigadi e ne ya lebelela kamano ya bone e e ntseng e gola, e kwala jaana: "A go na le tshono ya gore Sophie a nyale Tino? Go ka nna molemo thata mo go ene, ka gonne o molemo tota". ^[14]Kgosigadi Victoria le ene o ne a solofela gore Sophie o tla nna le lenyalo le le molemo, ka gonne o ne a mo tsaya e le morwadie yo montle go gaisa botlhe

Ka nako ya fa a ne a le kwa kgotleng ya Hohenzollern kwa Berlin a emela Bogosi jwa Gerika kwa phitlhong ya Mmusimogolo William I ka Mopitlwe 1888,^[15]Constantine o ne a bona Sophie gape. Go ise go ye kae, ba ne ba ratana mme ba nyalana semmuso ka boraro ka kgwedi ya Lwetse ka ngwaga wa 1888^[16]. Le fa go ntse jalo, mogolowe Sophie e bong William le mosadi wa gagwe e bong Augusta Victoria ba ne ba belaela kamano ya bone. Kgolagano eno e ne e sa tshegediwe ka botlalo mo lelapeng la segosi la Greece: Kgosigadi Olga o ne a bontsha go sa rate go nyalana ka gonne Sophie e ne e le wa Lutere mme Olga o ne a ka rata gore morwawe a nyale Mokeresete wa Orthodox. ^[17]Le fa go ne go na le mathata, lenyalo le ne la rulaganyediwa ka Phalane 1889 kwa Athena.^[18]

Loso lwa ga Mmusimogolo Frederick III

Le fa go ntse jalo, e ne e le nako e e sa itumediseng mo lelapeng la ga Sophie, ka gonne rraagwe e bong Mmusimogolo Frederick III o ne a swa loso lo lo botlhoko ka ntlha ya kankere ya mometso. Mosadi wa gagwe le bana ba ne ba nna le ene kwa Neues Palais, ba bile ba keteka letsatsi la botsalo la ga Sophie ka go mo naya dimpho tsa dithunya. Frederick o ne a tlhokafala letsatsi le le latelang.^[19] Mokaulengwe wa ga Sophie yo mogolo e ne ya nna Mmusimogolo William II. Ka bonako fela o ne a phuruphutsa dilo tsa ga rraagwe ka tsholofelo ya go bona "bosupi jo bo senyang" jwa "ditiro tsa borukhutlhi". ^[20]E re ka a ne a itse gore bomorwadie ba bararo ba babotlana ba ne ba ikaegile thata ka ene go feta le fa e le leng pele gore a ba tshegetse mo maikutlong, Kgosigadi Frederick yo jaanong e neng e le motlholagadi o ne a nna a le gaufi le bone: "Ke na le basetsana ba me ba bararo ba ba botsalano - ba a neng a ba rata thata - ba ba nkgomotsang".^[21]

E re ka a ne a setse a gakgamaditswe ke boikutlo jwa morwawe yo mogolo, Mohumagadi wa Motlholagadi o ne a utlwisitswe botlhoko thata ke lenyalo la ga Sophie le le neng le le gaufi le go fudugela kwa Athene.^[22] Le fa go ntse jalo, o ne a amogela boitumelo jwa morwadie mme a ikgomotsa ka go kwalelana le Sophie. Fa gare ga 1889 le 1901, basadi ba babedi ba ne ba ananya makwalo a a seng kwa tlase ga 2,000.^[23] Ka makgetlo a le mmalwa, ba ne ba fitlhelwa mo matlong a ba bangwe, kwa Athena le kwa Kronberg. Dithulaganyo tsa lenyalo la ga Sophie "di ne di sa gakgamatse fa go akanngwa ka tsela e go neng go na le moya wa phitlho ka yone mo legaeng la ga mmaagwe yo e neng e le motlholagadi.^[24]

Kgosigadi ya Segosi ya Gerika

O nyalwa ke Bagerika

Ka 27 Diphalane 1889, Sophie o ne a nyala Constantine kwa Athene mo meletlong e mebedi ya bodumedi, e nngwe e le ya botlhe le ya Orthodox mme e nngwe e le ya poraefete le ya Porotesetanta.^[25] E ne e le ba losika lwa boraro go tswa go Paul I wa Russia, le ba losika lwa bobedi ba ba neng ba kgaogantswe ka Frederick William III wa Prussia. Basupi ba ga Sophie e ne e le morwarraagwe e bong Henry le bontsalae e bong Dikgosi Albert Victor le George wa kwa Wales; mo letlhakoreng la ga Constantine, Basupi e ne e le bomorwarraagwe e bong Dikgosi George le Nicholas le ntsalae e bong Tsarevich wa kwa Russia. ^[26]Lenyalo leno (tiragalo ya ntlha e kgolo ya boditšhabatšhaba e e neng ya tshwarelwa kwa Athena) le ne le ratiwa thata ke Bagerika. Maina a banyalani bano a ne a gakolola batho ka tlhamane nngwe ya bogologolo e e neng e bolela gore fa Kgosi Constantine le Kgosigadi Sophia ba ne ba ka nna mo setulong sa bogosi sa Gerika, Constantinople le Hagia Sophia di ne di tla wela mo diatleng tsa Bagerika.^[27] Ka bonako fela morago ga lenyalo la Kgosana ya Motlhatlhami, go ne ga nna le tsholofelo mo bathong ba kwa Greece gore ba tla kgona go diragatsa Kakanyo ya Megali, e leng go kopanya Bagerika botlhe mo pusong e le nngwe.^[28]^[29] Kwa dinageng di sele, lenyalo la ga Constantine le Sophie le ne le sa itumedise batho go le kalo. Kwa Fora, go ne go boifiwa gore go goroga ga kgosigadi ya Prussia kwa Athena go ne go tla dira gore Bogosi jwa Gerika bo tseye letlhakore la Triple Alliance.^[30] Kwa Berlin, kopano eno e ne e sa ratiwe ke batho ba le bantsi: Tota dikgatlhego tsa Jeremane di ne di le botlhokwa mo Mmusomogolong wa Ottoman mme Mmusi o ne a sa ikaelela go thusa Gerika fela ka gonne kgosana ya segosi ya Gerika e ne e le mogwe wa gagwe yo mosha.^[31]

Le fa go ntse jalo, kwa Athena, moletlo wa lenyalo o ne wa ketekwa ka mokete o mogolo mme wa dira gore go nne le dipontsho tse di gakgamatsang thata tsa diphefo tsa molelo kwa Acropolis le kwa Champ de Mars. Gape go ne ga agiwa ditepisi mo Syntagma Square gore batho ba kgone go bona sentle mokoloko o o neng o tsamaya fa gare ga Royal Palace le Cathedral. ^[32]Batho ba ba neng ba sa tswa go nyalana ba ne ba amana le bontsi jwa malapa a segosi a kwa Yuropa, ka jalo baemedi ba malapa otlhe a segosi a mo kontinenteng eno e ne e le karolo ya moletlo ono: Christian IX wa kwa Denmark (rremogolo wa monyadi), Mmusimogolo William II wa kwa Jeremane (morwarraagwe monyadiwa), Kgosana ya kwa Wales (malome wa monyadi le monyadiwa) le Tsarevich wa kwa Russia (malomeagwe monyadi) e ne e le bangwe ba baeng ba tlotlo.^[33] Ka tlholego fela, mmaagwe Sophie le bokgaitsadie le bone ba ne ba le teng kwa moletlong oo.^[34]

Tota e bile, baeng le ba ba neng ba ba eteletse pele ba ne ba le bantsi thata jaana kwa Athena mo Kgosi George I a neng a sa kgone go ba amogela botlhe mo ntlong ya gagwe ya segosi. O ne a tshwanelwa ke go kopa maloko mangwe a mokgatlho wa maemo a a kwa godimo wa Bagerika gore a amogele bangwe ba baeng mo matlong a bone a maemo a a kwa godimo. Ka tsela e e tshwanang, Kgosi e ne e patelesega go adima dipitse le dikara tsa babusiwa ba gagwe gore e tle e kgone go rwala baeng botlhe ka nako ya meletlo. Mo godimo ga moo, George o ne a patelesega go reka diaparo tse dingwe tse dintsi ka lepotlapotla a di rekela batlhanka ba ba neng ba direla baeng.^[35]

Go Tlhomelwa kwa Athens

Kwa Athene, Constantine le Sophia ba ne ba nna mo ntlong e nnye ya bonno ya setaele sa Sefora e e neng e le mo Kifisias Avenue, fa ba ntse ba letetse puso ya Gerika go ba agela legae le lesha, e leng Crown Prince's Palace,^[36] e e neng e le gaufi le Royal Palace. Gape banyalani bano ba ne ba laela gore go agiwe ntlo e nngwe mo setsheng sa segosi sa Tatoi ka gonne Kgosi George I o ne a gana go letlelela gore go dirwe tiro mo ntlong ya segosi.^[37] ^[38]Kwa Athena, Constantine le Sophia ba ne ba tshela botshelo jo bo sa raraanang jo bo neng bo farologane thata le jwa kwa dikgotlatshekelong tse dingwe tsa Yuropa,^[39] mme botshelo jwa kwa Gerika gantsi bo ne bo le monotonous mme Sophia o ne a hutsafalela go nna le mongwe le mongwe, kwantle fela ga basadi ba bagwebi ba motsoko.^[40]

Sophia o ne a na le mathata a go tlwaela botshelo jwa gagwe jo bosha. Le fa go ntse jalo, o ne a simolola go ithuta Segerika sa Segompieno (mme a kgona go se bua sentle mo dingwageng di le mmalwa fela)^[41] mme o ne a dirisa maeto a gagwe a mantsi a a neng a a tsaya kwa moseja go baakanya le go kgabisa legae la gagwe le lesha.^[42] Pele ga dikgwedi di le robongwe morago ga lenyalo la gagwe, ka 19 Phukwi 1890, Kgosigadi e ne ya tshola ngwana wa gagwe wa ntlha, ngwana wa mosimane yo o neng a tsholwa pele ga nako yo o neng a tewa leina la ga rremogoloagwe e bong George, mme go tsholwa ga gagwe ga se ka ga tsamaya sentle mme thapo ya popelo e ne ya phutlhama mo molaleng wa ngwana, e batlile e mo kgama. Ka lesego la mmè le ngwana, mmelegisi wa Mojeremane yo o neng a rometswe ke Mmusimogolo wa Motlholagadi e bong Victoria go ya go thusa morwadie ka nako ya fa a belega o ne a kgona go rarabolola boemo mme ga go a ka ga nna le ditlamorago tse di botlhoko.^[43]

Go Sokologela mo Boorthodox

Morago ga go belegwa ga morwa wa gagwe wa ntlha, Sophia o ne a swetsa go amogela tumelo ya batho ba gagwe le go sokologela mo tumelong ya Orthodox.^[44] Morago ga go kopa le go amogela tshegofatso ya Empress Dowager le Kgosigadi Victoria,^[45]Kgosigadi ya setulo sa bogosi e ne ya itsise bagwagwadiagwe ka maikaelelo a gagwe mme ya kopa Kgosigadi Olga go rutwa ka Orthodox. Lelapa la segosi la kwa Greece le ne le itumeletse dikgang tseno, ka gonne go bolelwa ga go sokologa ga gagwe go ne go tla tuma thata mo gare ga Bagerika mme Kgosi George o ne a gatelela gore Germanus II, Metropolitan wa kwa Athens le tlhogo ya Kereke ya kwa Greece, o ne a tla ruta Sophie tumelo ya Orthodox, go na le mosadi wa gagwe.^[46] Kgosi Olga wa kwa Russia o ne a tsewa ke bangwe ba bosetšhaba ba kwa Greece jaaka "moemedi wa Pan-Slavism" mme Kgosi ka jalo o ne a rata gore Germanus II a netefatse tiro e e neng e ka tlhola mathata mo Koroneng. ^[47]^[48]

Le fa dikgang tsa go sokologa ga gagwe di ne tsa amogelwa ka kagiso ke bontsi jwa maloko a lelapa la gaabo, Sophia o ne a tshaba gore morwarraagwe e bong William II o ne a tla itshwara jang, yo o neng a tsaya maemo a gagwe a go nna Tlhogo ya Prussian Union of Churches masisi thata mme a tlhoile go tlhoka kutlo go feta sengwe le sengwe.^[49] Sophia le Constantine ba ne ba tsaya loeto go ya kwa Jeremane ka nako ya lenyalo la ga kgaitsadie Viktoria le Kgosana Adolf wa Schaumburg-Lippe ka Ngwanatsele 1890. Kgosigadi e ne ya itsise morwarraagwe ka namana gore e ikaeletse go fetola bodumedi jwa yone. Jaaka go ne go lebeletswe, dikgang tseno di ne tsa kgopisa Mmusimogolo le mosadi wa gagwe, Augusta Victoria yo o neng a rata bodumedi thata. Kgosigadi e ne ya bo ya leka go dira gore mogogwadiagwe a se ka a sokologa, mme seno sa baka kganetsano e e bogale fa gare ga basadi ba babedi. Moragonyana Augusta o ne a bolela gore seno se ne sa dira gore a tshole pele ga nako, mme a tshole ngwana wa gagwe wa borataro, e bong Kgosana Joachim, pele ga nako. Ka nako eo, William o ne a galefile thata mo a neng a tshosetsa Sophia ka gore o tla mo leleka mo lelapeng la segosi la Prussia. E re ka mmaagwe a ne a mo pateletsa go nna le moya wa go leka go dira kagiso, Sophia o ne a feleletsa a kwaletse morwarraagwe lekwalo a mo tlhalosetsa mabaka a go sokologa ga gagwe mme Mmusimogolo o ne a se ka a mo reetsa, mme ka dingwaga di le tharo o ne a thibela kgaitsadie go tsena kwa Jeremane. ^[50]^[51]Fa a sena go amogela karabo ya gagwe, Sophie o ne a romelela mmaagwe thelekerama e e reng: "Ke amogetse karabo. O dira se a neng a se bua kwa Berlin. E dira gore e nne dingwaga di le tharo. O ne a galefile. O se ka wa tshwenyega".^[52]

Sophia o ne a sokologa semmuso ka 2 Motsheganong 1891;^[53] le fa go ntse jalo, katlholo ya bogosi e ne ya se ka ya diragadiwa. ^[54]Le fa go ntse jalo, dikamano magareng ga William le Sophia di ne tsa tshwaiwa ke tshwetso ya ga Sophia.Tota e bile, Mmusimogolo e ne e le monna yo o neng a galefile thata mme ga a ise a ko a tlogele go dira gore kgaitsadie a duelele go tlhoka kutlo ga gagwe.^[55]^[56]

Tiro ya loago

Mo botshelong jotlhe jwa gagwe kwa Gerika, Sophia o ne a nna le seabe mo ditirong tsa loago le go thusa batho ba ba sotlegang. Ka go latela dikgato tsa ga Kgosigadi Olga, o ne a etelela pele maiteko a a farologaneng mo lephateng la thuto, dikhitšhini tsa batho botlhe le tlhabololo ya dikokelo le magae a dikhutsana. ^[57] Ka 1896, Kgosigadi e ne ya tlhoma gape le Union of Greek Women, mokgatlho o o neng o le matlhagatlhaga thata mo go thuseng batshabi ba ba tswang kwa Mmusomogolong wa Ottoman. ^[58]^[59]Sophia o ne a kgatlhiwa ke temothuo ya ditlhare le go tshwenyega ka melelo e e neng e senya naga ka metlha, gape o ne a kgatlhegela go tsosolosa dikgwa. ^[60]^[61]Mo godimo ga moo, e ne e le mongwe wa bathei ba Greek Animal Protection Society.^[62]

Le fa go ntse jalo, e ne e le ka nako ya ntwa fa Sophie a ne a bontsha gore o nonofile go feta pele. Ka 1897, fa Ntwa ya Malatsi a le Masome a Mararo e ne e runya, Sophia le maloko a mangwe a basadi a lelapa la segosi ba ne ba dira ka natla le mokgatlho wa Greek Red Cross go thusa masole a a gobetseng. Kwa ntweng ya kwa Thessalia, Kgosigadi e ne ya tlhoma dikokelo tsa masole, ya etela ba ba gobetseng e bile e ne ya tlhokomela le batho ba ba neng ba tlhaselwa mo ntweng. Sophia gape o ne a thusa gore baoki ba Maesemane ba goroge kwa Gerika mme a bo a nna le seabe mo go thapiseng baithaopi ba basadi ba basha go thusa masole a a gobetseng.^[63]

Go nna le seabe ga ga Sophia le matsalaagwe mo go thuseng batho ba ba neng ba tlhasetswe ke ntwa (e ka tswa e le ba ba tswang kwa Gerika kgotsa kwa Turkey) go ne go le botlhokwa thata mo e leng gore go ne ga dira gore dikgotlatshekelo tse dingwe tsa Yuropa di ba rate. Jaaka tuelo ya tiro ya bone, basadi ka bobedi ba ne ba kgabisitswe ka Royal Red Cross ke Queen Victoria, ka Sedimonthole 1897. Ka bomadimabe jwa Kgosikgolo, thuso ya gagwe mo masoleng a a gobetseng e ne ya se ka ya anaanelwa thata kwa Greece, koo batho ba neng ba pega lelapa la segosi molato, mme segolobogolo Constantine, yo e neng e le molaodi-mogolo wa sesole sa Greece kwa Thessaly, ka ntlha ya go latlhegelwa ke masole a Ottoman. ^[64]

Ditlamorago Tsa Ntwa ya Malatsi a le Masome a Mararo

Morago ga Ntwa ya Malatsi a le Masome a Mararo, go ne ga nna le mokgatlho o o maatla o o kgatlhanong le puso ya segosi kwa Gerika mme Sophia ka boene o ne a tshwaiwa diphoso. E re ka a ne a nna a batla go otlhaya kgaitsadie ka ntlha ya go tlhoka kutlo, Mmusimogolo William II wa Jeremane o ne a tshegetsa Mmusomogolo wa Ba-Ottoman ka tlhamalalo ka nako ya ntwa mme a dumela go nna motsereganyi fa kgaitsadie, mmaagwe le nkokoagwe ba sena go mo kopa. O ne a batla gore Greece e dumalane le maemo a a tlhabisang ditlhong gore a tle a tsereganye^[65] mme batho ba ne ba dumela gore o ne a dira jalo ka tumelelo ya kgaitsadie.^[66]^[67]^[68]

Le fa go ntse jalo, Sophia e ne e se ene fela yo o neng a atlholwa ke batho. Tota e bile, go ne ga buiwa ka tlhamalalo kwa Athene gore Kgosana ya Motlotlegi e tshwanetse go romelwa fa pele ga kgotlatshekelo ya sesole go mo otlhaya ka ntlha ya go fenngwa ga setšhaba le go tlosa George I mo setulong jaaka go ne go dirilwe pele ka motlhatlhami wa gagwe Otto I.^[69] ^[70]Dibeke di le mmalwa morago ga go saeniwa ga tumelano ya kagiso magareng ga Greece le Ottoman Empire, seemo se ne sa nna thata mo e leng gore kgosi e ne ya tlhaselwa fa e ne e tsamaya ka kariki e e bulegileng le morwadie, Kgosigadi Maria, mme George I o ne a itshireletsa ka bopelokgale mo e leng gore o ne a bona tlotlo e e rileng go tswa go babusiwa ba gagwe. Mo maemong ano a a thata, Constantine le Sophia ba ne ba tlhopha go ya go nna kwa nageng e sele.^[71]^[72]

Ka 1898, ba ne ba tlhomiwa kwa Kronberg, mme morago ga moo ba tlhomiwa kwa Berlin. Fa a le koo Constantine o ne a tswelela ka thapiso ya gagwe ya bosole le Mojenerale Colmar von der Goltz mme ka ngwaga o le mongwe, o ne a newa taolo ya setlhopha sa masole a Prussia. Go tshwaya poelano ya bone, Mmusimogolo William II o ne gape a tlhoma Sophia jaaka mokolonele-in-chief wa 3rd (Queen Elisabeth) Guards Grenadiers [de] regiment of the Imperial Guard.[ Banyalani ba ne ba boela kwa Greece ka 1899 mme puso ya ga Georgios Theotokis e ne ya tlhoma Constantine go nna motlhatlhobi-kakaretso wa sesole. Le fa go ntse jalo, go tlhatlosiwa maemo gono go ne ga baka kganetsano mo masoleng, a a neng a sa ntse a tsaya Kgosana e e Tlhomilweng mo Bogosing e le motho yo o neng a ikarabelela thata ka go fenngwa ga bone ka 1897.^[73]

Dintsho tsa mo lapeng

Fa a ne a boela kwa Gerika le monna wa gagwe, Kgosigadi e ne ya simolola gape tiro ya gagwe ya go thusa batho. Le fa go ntse jalo, o ne a tshwenyegile thata ka botsogo jwa ga mmaagwe le jwa ga nkokoagwe wa Moesemane. Kgosigadi ya Mojeremane e ne e tshwerwe ke kankere ya mabele, e e neng ya dira gore a boge thata.^[74]^[75] Fa e le ka ga Kgosigadi ya United Kingdom, o ne a atamela dingwaga di le masome a robedi mme ba lelapa la gagwe ba ne ba itse gore bokhutlo bo gaufi mme dingwaga tsa bofelo tsa puso ya gagwe di ne di tshwailwe ke Ntwa ya Bobedi ya Ba-Boer, eo mo go yone United Kingdom e neng ya latlhegelwa thata fa e ne e lebagane le kganetso ya Ba-Afrikaner. Sophia o ne a tshwenyegile ka gore mathata a a neng a itemogelwa ke MaBorithane mo Aforika Borwa a ne a tla koafatsa botsogo jwa ga nkokoagwe jo bo neng bo setse bo le bokoa.^[76]

Kgabagare Kgosigadi Victoria o ne a tlhokafala ka ntlha ya go dutla madi mo bobokong ka 22 Ferikgong 1901 kwa Osborne House. E re ka a ne a amilwe thata ke loso lwa kgosi, Sophia o ne a ya kwa United Kingdom kwa phitlhong ya gagwe mme a nna teng kwa moletlong wa bodumedi o o neng o direlwa go mo tlotla kwa Athene le lelapa lotlhe la segosi la kwa Greece.^[77]

Dikgwedi di le mmalwa moragonyana, ka selemo sa 1901, Sophie o ne a ya kwa Friedrichshof go ya go tlhokomela mmaagwe, yo botsogo jwa gagwe bo neng bo ntse bo koafala. Fa a ne a le moimana wa dikgwedi di le tlhano, Kgosigadi e ne e itse gore Kgosigadi ya Motlholagadi e a swa mme ene le bokgaitsadie e bong Viktoria le Margaret, ba ne ba tsamaya le ene go fitlha a swa ka August 5. ^[78]^[79]Mo sebakeng sa dikgwedi di le supa, Sophia o ne a latlhegelwa ke ba losika lwa gagwe ba babedi ba ba neng ba le gaufi thata le ene. Le fa go ntse jalo, go nna mmaagwe go ne ga mo thusa gore a se ka a ikutlwela botlhoko.

Go menola puso ga ga Goudi le diphelelo tsa gone

Kwa Greece, botshelo jwa sepolotiki bo ne jwa nna bo sa tlhomama mo dingwageng tsa ntlha tsa lekgolo la bo 20 la dingwaga mme Kgopolo ya Megali e ne ya tswelela e le selo se se tshwenyang batho thata. Ka 1908, balaodi ba kwa Kereta ba ne ba bolela gore setlhaketlhake sa bone se ne se le mo Bogosing jwa Gerika^[80] mme ka ntlha ya go tshaba go ipusolosetsa ga Ba-Turkey, puso ya Gerika e ne ya gana go dumela gore setlhaketlhake seno se ne se le mo Bogosing jwa Gerika. Kwa Athene, go nna peloethata ga Kgosi le puso go ne go tshosa, segolobogolo masole. ^[81] Ka lesome le botlhanno Phatwe 1909, setlhopha sa balaodi se ne sa kopana mo "Lekgotleng la Sesole" (Στρατιωτικός Σύνδεσμος) mme ba rulaganya se se neng se bidiwa Goudi coup. Fa ba ne ba ipolela gore ke balaodi ba puso, maloko a Lekgotla, a eteletswe pele ke Nikolaos Zorbas, a ne a kopa, gareng ga dilo tse dingwe, gore kgosi e leleke morwawe mo sesoleng. ^[82] Ka semmuso, se e ne e le go sireletsa Kgosana ya setlogolo mo lefufeng le le neng le ka nna teng ka ntlha ya botsalano jwa gagwe le masole mangwe mme nnete e ne e farologane thata: badiredi ba ne ba tswelela go tsaya Kgosana ya setlogolo e le ene a ikarabelelang go fenngwa ga 1897.^[83]

Schloss Friedrichshof, former residence of the German Dowager Empress

Maemo a ne a nna maswe thata mo e leng gore barwa ba ga George I ba ne ba tshwanelwa ke go tlogela ditiro tsa bone tsa sesole go boloka rraabone ditlhong tsa go ba leleka. ^[84]^[85] Ka Lwetse, Kgosana, mosadi wa gagwe le bana ba bone le bone ba ne ba tlhopha go tswa kwa Gerika mme ba ya go batla botshabelo kwa Jeremane kwa Friedrichshof, e jaanong e leng ya ga Kgosigadi Margaret wa Prussia.^[86] ^[87]Ka nako e e tshwanang, kwa Athene, go ne ga simololwa dipuisano mo dikarolong dingwe ka ga go tlosiwa ga ntlo ya ga Glücksburg mo setulong sa bogosi go tlhoma repaboliki kgotsa go emisetsa kgosi ka morwa yo e seng wa losika wa ga Otto I, kgosana ya seeng kgotsa ka Kgosana George, le Sophia jaaka mmusi.^[88]

Ka Sedimonthole 1909, Mokolonele Zorbas, tlhogo ya Lekgotla la Sesole, o ne a pateletsa George I go mo tlhoma jaaka tlhogo ya puso mo boemong jwa Tonakgolo Kyriakoulis Mavromichalis.^[89] Kgosi e ne ya gana mme puso e ne ya dira diphetogo tse di neng tsa solegela sesole molemo. Badiri ba ne ba rulaganngwa sesha mme ba ba neng ba tshegetsa Kgosana, go akaretsa le Ioannis Metaxas, ba ne ba lelekwa. ^[90] Ka nako e e tshwanang, go ne ga bidiwa sesole sa Fora go tla go rulaganya sesha sesole sa Gerika, se se neng sa tshosetsa Sophia le monna wa gagwe, ka gonne ba ne ba thusa go tlhabolola dikgopolo tsa repaboliki mo sesoleng

Le fa go ne go dirilwe diphetogo tseno, maloko mangwe a Lekgotla la Sesole a ne a tswelela a ganetsa puso gore a tle a kgone go busa. Morago ba ne ba ya kwa Crete go ya go kopana le radipolotiki yo o itsegeng wa kwa Crete Eleftherios Venizelos, mme ba mo fa maemo a Tonakgolo ya Greece.^[91] Le fa go ntse jalo moeteledipele wa kwa Crete o ne a sa batle go tlhagelela kwa Greece go tshegediwa ke sesole mme a ba rotloetsa go rulaganya ditlhopho tse dintšhwa.^[92] Ka March 1910, kgabagare kgosi e ne ya bitsa ditlhopho mme Venizelos le batshegetsi ba gagwe ba ne ba tla go busa. E ne e le nako e e thata mo lelapeng la segosi. ^[93]

Le fa go ntse jalo, Venizelos o ne a sa batle go koafatsa bogosi. Go bontsha gore o ne a sa ikobele sesole, o ne a busetsa maloko a lelapa la segosi mo ditirong tsa bone tsa sesole mme Kgosana ya setulo sa bogosi ka jalo a nna motlhatlhobi-kakaretso wa sesole gape. ^[94] Fa a boela kwa Gerika ka di 21 Diphalane 1910, morago ga go nna kwa botshwarong ngwaga o le mongwe, Sophia o ne a sa ntse a belaela puso e ntšha le masole. O ne a gana go kopana le Venizelos, a mo pega molato wa gore ke ene a dirileng gore lelapa la segosi le tlhabisiwe ditlhong. Kgosigadi gape o ne a na le mathata le mogwagwadiagwe, yo a neng a mo latofatsa ka gore o ne a le bokoa ka nako ya mathata.^[95]^[96]

Mooki ka nako ya Ntwa ya Ntlha ya Balkan

Fa Venizelos a sena go busa, masole a Gerika a ne a dirwa a segompieno mme a tlhomelelwa ka thuso ya badiredibagolo ba Bafora le ba Boritane. Gape sesole sa lewatle se ne sa otara dikepe tse disha tsa ntwa. ^[97]Maikaelelo a go tlhabolola e ne e le go dira gore naga e ipaakanyetse ntwa e ntšha kgatlhanong le Puso ya Ottoman mme go fenya mmaba le go fitlhelela Kgopolo ya Megali, Greece e ne e tlhoka ditsala. Ke gone ka moo, ka ntlha ya maiteko a Tonakgolo e ntšha, Gerika e neng ya dira dikgolagano le baagelani ba yone mme ya nna le seabe mo go tlhomiweng ga Lekgotla la Dinaga Tsa Balkan ka Seetebosigo 1912.^[98] Ka jalo, fa Montenegro e ne e bolela ntwa kgatlhanong le Ottoman Empire ka 8 Diphalane 1912, ba ne ba kopanngwa le Serbia, Bulgaria le Greece malatsi a a kwa tlase ga a le lesome moragonyana. Eno e ne e le tshimologo ya Ntwa ya Ntlha ya Balkan.^[99] Fa Kgosana ya Motlotlegi le bomorwarraagwe ba ne ba etelela pele masole a Gerika, Kgosigadi Olga,^[100] Sophia le dingwetsi tsa gagwe (Marie Bonaparte, Elena Vladimirovna wa Russia le Alice wa Battenberg) ba ne ba thusa masole a a gobetseng le batshabi. Mo kgweding e le nngwe fela, dikgosigadi tseno di ne tsa phutha diaparo di le 80 000 tsa sesole mme tsa phutha dingaka, baoki le didirisiwa tsa kalafi go di thusa.^[101] Kgosigadi le Kgosigadi e e Tlotlegang le yone e ne ya bula letlole la go duelela batho gore ba nne le dikokelo tse disha kwa Athena le kwa ntweng.^[102] ^[103]Dikgosigadi tseno di ne di tlhagafetse thata, di ne di sa nne fela kwa mafelong a a kwa morago mme gape di ne di ya kwa bogareng jwa botlhabanelo jwa sesole. Kgosigadi Olga le Sophia ba ne ba etela Larissa le Elassona,^[104] fa Alice ene a ne a nna lobaka lo loleele kwa Epirus le kwa Makedonia. Ka nako eo, Elena o ne a tsamaisa terena ya diambulense mme Marie Bonaparte o ne a tlhoma sekepe sa kokelo se se neng se golaganya Thessaloniki le motsemogolo.^[105]

Ntwa eno e ne e le tshono ya gore dikgosigadi di itshupe gore di mosola mo nageng e di neng di e tsere jaaka bana ba bone mme gape e ne ya gakatsa dikgotlhang mo lelapeng la segosi. Kgotlhang e ne ya simologa ka ntlha ya lefufa la ga Sophia ka ntsalae le mogatsa mosadi wa gagwe e bong Alice^[106]. Tota e bile, go ne ga tsoga kgotlhang e e bogale fa gare ga makgarebe ano a mabedi fa Alice a sena go romela baoki ba ba neng ba tlhokometswe ke Kgosigadi go ya kwa Thesalonika, a sa kopa tetla ya ga Sophia. Tiragalo nngwe e e neng e lebega e se kotsi e ne ya dira gore go nne le tlhakatlhakano mo lelapeng mme Kgosigadi Olga o ne a gakgamadiwa ke go bona gore monna wa gagwe o ne a tshegetsa boikutlo jwa ga Sophia.^[107]^[108]

Mathata a lenyalo le botshelo jwa botho

Lenyalo la ga Sophia le Constantine le ne le itumetse mo dingwageng tsa ntlha. Le fa go ntse jalo, go ikanyega e ne e se nonofo e kgolo ya Kgosana e e Tlhomilweng go Nna Kgosana mme go ise go ye kae mosadi wa gagwe o ne a tshwanelwa ke go dirisana le ditiro tsa gagwe tse dintsi tsa go tlhakanela dikobo le basadi ba bangwe. La ntlha Sophia o ne a gakgamadiwa ke go bo monna wa gagwe a mo tlhanogetse, mme go ise go ye kae o ne a latela sekao sa ga matsalaagwe mme a itlhokomolosa boitshwaro jwa monna wa gagwe. Lefa go ntse jalo, go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1912, ^[109]banyalani bano ba ne ba kgaogana ka tsela e e bonalang. Ka nako eo, Constantine o ne a simolola go ratana le Mokgadi Paola von Ostheim (yo o neng a bidiwa Wanda Paola Lottero), yo e neng e le motshameki wa thelebishene wa Mo-Italy yo o neng a sa tswa go tlhalana le Kgosana Hermann wa Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach; kamano eno e ne ya tswelela go fitlha Constantine a tlhokafala.^[110]

Fa Sophia a ne a tshola ngwana wa gagwe wa borataro le wa bofelo, morwadie yo o neng a bidiwa Katherine, ka 4 Motsheganong 1913, go ne ga nna le magatwe a gore ngwana yoo e ne e le wa gagwe. Magatwe ao, a ka tswa a ne a le boammaaruri kana a se boammaaruri, ga a ka a ama Constantine, yo o neng a lemoga ka bonako gore ke ene rraagwe.^[111]

Mo sephiring, banyalani ba Kgosana ba ne ba buisana ka Seesimane mme e ne e le ka puo eno ba neng ba godisa bana ba bone, ba ba neng ba gola mo maemong a a lorato le a a botsalano mo gare ga setlhopha sa batlhatlheledi le baoki ba Baesemane. Fela jaaka mmaagwe, Sophia o ne a ruta bana ba gagwe go rata United Kingdom mme mo dibekeng di le mmalwa ngwaga le ngwaga, lelapa le ne le nna nako kwa Great Britain, koo a neng a etela mabopo a lewatle a Seaford le Eastbourne. Le fa go ntse jalo, malatsi a boikhutso a selemo a lelapa a ne a sa dirisiwe fela kwa Friedrichshof le Empress Dowager, mme gape le kwa Corfu le Venice, koo lelapa la segosi la Gerika le neng le ya teng ka mokoro wa Amphitrite.^[112]

Kgosigadi ya Bagerika: Lobaka lwa gagwe lwa ntlha

Go bolawa ga ga George I le Ntwa ya Bobedi ya Balkan

Ntwa ya Ntlha ya Balkan e ne ya khutla ka 1913 fa Mmusomogolo wa Ottoman o ne o fenngwa ke lekoko la Bagerika, Ba-Bulgaria, Ba-Serbia le Ba-Montenegro. Bogosi jwa Gerika bo ne jwa gola thata morago ga ntwa mme go ise go ye kae go ne ga nna le dikgotlhang fa gare ga mebuso e e neng e le ditsala: Gerika le Bulgaria di ne di lwela go nna le Thessaloniki le kgaolo e e e dikologileng.^[113]

Go tlhomamisa bolaodi jwa Bagerika mo motseng o mogolo wa Makedonia, George I o ne a fudugela mo motseng ono ka bonako fela morago ga gore o fenngwe ke Kgosana ya Motlotlegi, ka 8 Sedimonthole 1912. Ka nako e telele e Kgosi e neng e le mo motseng ka yone, e ne e tswa letsatsi le letsatsi go ya go tsamaya e le nosi mo mebileng, jaaka e ne e tlwaetse go dira kwa Athena. Ka 18 Mopitlwe 1913 mo-anarchist wa Mogerika yo o bidiwang Alexandros Schinas o ne a mo thuntsha mo mokwatleng a le sekgala sa dikgato di le pedi fa a ne a tsamaya mo Thessaloniki gaufi le White Tower.^[114]

Sophia o ne a le kwa Athena fa a ne a utlwa ka go bolawa ga mogwagwadiagwe, kgosi^[115]. Jaanong, e re ka e ne e le Kgosigadi ya Bagerika, o ne a na le boikarabelo jwa go bolelela matsalaagwe dikgang tsa polao eo. Mmogo le morwadie yo mogolo e bong Kgosigadi Helen, ba ne ba gomotsa Kgosigadi e e neng e setse e le Motlholagadi, yo o neng a amogela dikgang tseno ka matlhagatlhaga. Mo letsatsing le le latelang, maloko a lelapa la segosi a a neng a le kwa motsemogolong a ne a ya kwa Thesalonika. Fa ba fitlha kwa motseng wa Makedonia, ba ne ba etela lefelo le go bolailweng motho gone mme ba phutha ditopo tsa Kgosi go di isa kwa Athena, kwa a neng a fitlhwa teng kwa Tatoi. Mo maemong ano a a thata, loso lwa ga George I lo ne lwa dira gore Thessaloniki e nne ya Gerika. Le fa go ntse jalo, Ntwa ya Bobedi ya Balkan e ne ya runya ka June 1913 ka ntlha ya go kgaoganngwa ga Makedonia ke dinaga tse pele di neng di le ditsala tsa yone mo ntweng ya ntlha. E re ka Gerika e ne ya fenya gape mo ntweng eno, e ne ya gola thata, mme maemo a Kgosi Constantine I le Kgosigadi Sophia le one a ne a gola.^[116]

Botshelo jwa gagwe

Fa Constantine le Sophia ba sena go nna mo setulong sa bogosi, ba ne ba tswelela ba tshela botshelo jo bo sa raraanang jo ba neng ba bo tshela fa ba ne ba sa ntse ba busa. Ba ne ba dirisa nako ya bone ya go ikhutsa ba ithuta botaniki, e e neng e le selo se ba neng ba se rata thata, mme ba ne ba fetola^[117] ditshingwana tsa Ntlo ya Segosi e Ntšha go ya ka mokgwa wa Seesemane^[118].^[119]

Banyalani bano ba ne ba atamalane thata le maloko a mangwe a lelapa la segosi, segolobogolo Kgosana Nicholas. Ka Labobedi mongwe le mongwe, Kgosi le Kgosigadi ba ne ba ja dijo tsa maitseboa le ene le mosadi wa gagwe e bong Elena, mme ka Labone, ba ne ba etela banyalani ba segosi kwa Royal Palace.^[120]

Go Simologa ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe I

Fa Ntwa ya Ntlha ya Lefatshe e ne e simologa ka bone ka kgwedi ya Phatwe 1914 Sophia o ne a le kwa Engelane kwa Eastbourne le bana ba gagwe ba le mmalwa fa monna wa gagwe le morwadiabone Helen e ne e le bone fela baemedi ba losika lwa segosi ba ba neng ba santse ba le teng kwa Athene. Le fa go ntse jalo, ka ntlha ya bomasisi jwa ditiragalo, Kgosigadi e ne ya boela ka bonako kwa Gerika, koo a neng a kopana le ba bangwe ba lelapa la segosi gone. ^[121]

Fa dinaga tse dikgolo tsa Yuropa di ne di tsena mo ntweng eno ka bongwe ka bongwe, Gerika e ne ya bolela semmuso gore ga e tseye letlhakore.^[122] E re ka e ne e le ditlogolwana tsa "Rra-mogolo le Mmemogolo wa Yuropa" (jaaka Christian IX wa Denmark le Kgosigadi Victoria ka go latelana ba ne ba itsiwe), Constantine le Sophia ba ne ba amana thata le dikgosi tsa Triple Alliance le Triple Entente. Kgosi le Kgosigadi ba ne ba itse gore Greece e ne e setse e koafaditswe ke Dintwa tsa Balkan mme e ne e sa ipaakanyetsa go nna le seabe mo thulanong e ntšha.^[123] Le fa go ntse jalo, batho ba ne ba sa dumalane le maikutlo a babusi.^[124] Tonakgolo Eleftherios Venizelos, yo bokgoni jwa gagwe jo bogolo jwa sedipolomate bo neng jwa tlotlomadiwa thata kwa Khonferenseng ya Lontone ya 1912-1913, segolobogolo ke David Lloyd George le Georges Clemenceau, o ne a itse gore dinaga tse di neng di sa tswa go gapiwa tsa Gerika di ne di le mo maemong a a kotsi, ka jalo Gerika e ne ya tshwanelwa ke go nna le seabe mo ntweng le Entente Cordiale gore e sireletse diphenyo tsa yone tsa Ntwa ya Bobedi ya Balkan. Mo godimo ga moo, Mmusomogolo wa Ottoman, Bulgaria le Romania di ne di le mo letlhakoreng la Jeremane,^[125] mme fa Jeremane e ka fenya ntwa, e tla bo e le ka ditshenyegelo tsa Gerika, ka gore Bulgaria le Mmusomogolo wa Ottoman di ne di tla bona lefatshe la Gerika ka 1913, ka gore dinaga tseno ka bobedi, di ne di galefetse go latlhegelwa ke Makedonia, mme di ne di batla go fedisa Tumalano ya Bucharest. ^[126] Ee ruri, naga e ne e le mo maemong a a maswe, e eteletswe pele ke Kgosi e e bokoa ya Germanophile le Kgosigadi ya gagwe e e tsietsang e e neng e lebagane le tshenyo le ntwa ya selegae.

Dilo di ne tsa raraana fa Triple Entente e ne e tsenela Ntwa ya Gallipoli ka Tlhakole 1915. E re ka Constantine I a ne a batla go golola Bagerika ba kwa Asia Minor mo pusong ya Ba-Ottoman, kwa tshimologong o ne a iketleeleditse go tshegetsa Dinaga Tse di Kopaneng le go tsenya naga ya gagwe mo ntweng. Le fa go ntse jalo, Kgosi e ne ya lebana le kganetso ya Batlhankedi ba gagwe mme segolobogolo ya ga Ioannis Metaxas, yo o neng a tshosetsa ka gore o tla rola tiro fa Gerika e ne e ka tsenela ntwa. Naga eno e ne e se na madi a go dira jalo, le fa gone Dinaga Tse di Kopaneng di ne di solofeditse Greece melemo e megolo fa e ne e ka nna le seabe. Constantine I e ne e le motho yo o ratang Bajeremane thata; o ne a rutilwe kwa Jeremane, a godisitswe e kete ke Mojeremane mme o ne a rata Kaiser fela thata. Kgosi e ne e se na keletso epe e e kgethegileng ya go tsenya naga mo ntweng, ka jalo o ne a nna mmueledi yo o nitameng wa boitlhaodi. Ka jalo, Constantine I o ne a tlogela go busa, mme seo se ne sa galefisa Venizelos, yo o neng a bona naga ya gaabo e le mo kotsing e kgolo ka ntlha ya Kgosi. Ka ntlha ya ditiro tsa ga Constantine I, Tonakgolo o ne a tlogela tiro ka 1915 (le fa a ne a fentse ditlhopho tse pedi tse di neng di tshwerwe ka ntlha ya ntwa). Go ne ga nna le puso ya segosi. Le fa go ntse jalo, Venizelos o ne a itshupa a nepile ka masome a mabedi le botlhano Motsheganong 1916, fa puso ya segosi ya Greece ya Athene e ne e letla gore Fort Roupel e neelwe Bajeremane le ditsala tsa bone tsa Ba-Bulgaria e le go lekalekanya masole a Allied a a neng a tlhomilwe kwa Thessaloniki. Masole a Jeremane le Bulgaria a ne a tswelela go thopa bontsi jwa botlhaba jwa Makedonia kwa ntle ga go ganediwa, mme seno sa felela ka gore go bolawe baagi ba Ba-Gerika koo. ^[127]Tiro eno e ne ya dira gore go simolole go tsuologa ga badiredi ba sesole ba Venizelist kwa Thessaloniki le go tlhomiwa ga Puso ya Nakwana ya Tshireletso ya Bosetšhaba ka fa tlase ga tshegetso ya Entente koo, kgatlhanong le puso ya semmuso ya Athene le Constantine I, go tiisa se se bidiwang "National Schism".

E re ka Constantine I a ne a koafaditswe ke ditiragalo tseno tsotlhe, o ne a lwala thata morago ga bothata jono. E re ka a ne a tshwerwe ke bolwetse jwa go ruruga ga makgwafo mo maleng jo bo neng bo gakadiwa ke nyumonia, o ne a nna dibeke di le mmalwa a le mo bolaong mme a batla a swa. Kwa Greece, batho ba ne ba galefisiwa ke magatwe a a neng a anamisiwa ke batho ba ba neng ba dumela mo go Venizel, ba ba neng ba re Kgosi e ne e sa lwale mme tota o ne a gobaditswe ka thipa ke Sophia ka nako ya kgotlhang e mo go yone a neng a batla go mo pateletsa go ya ntweng le morwarraagwe.^[128]^[129]Ruri Kgosigadi o ne a nna a buisana le morwarraagwe ka metlha. Go ya ka mafoko a ga G. Leon, "O ne a nna e ntse e le Mojeremane, mme dikgatlhego tsa Jeremane di ne di beilwe kwa godimo ga tsa naga e a neng a tswa kwa go yone e e neng e sa mo kgatlhegele thata. Tota e bile, ga a ise a ko a utlwele batho ba Greece botlhoko". ^[130]Kgosigadi gape e ne e belaelwa go nna maatla a a kwa morago ga setulo sa bogosi". Metswedi e e farologaneng go tswa mo nakong eo - eo diary tsa gagwe, diary le makwalo a a tseneletseng e ntseng e le setlhogo sa thuto e kgolo kwa Greece - e bolela gore Sophia o ne a tle a iphitlhe ka fa morago ga lesire mo dikagong tsa monna wa gagwe ka nako ya dikopano tsa Kabinete le ditheetso tsa poraefete le Kgosi, gore a tle a itsisiwe ka maemo a dilo. ^[131]

Fa botsogo jwa Kgosi bo ne bo koafala, go ne ga romelwa sekepe kwa Setlhaketlhakeng sa Tinos go ya go batla setshwantsho se se gakgamatsang sa ga Jesu se go tweng se fodisa balwetse. Le mororo Constantine I a ne a setse a amogetse sakaramente ya bofelo, o ne a nna le botsogo jo bontle morago ga go atla setshwantsho seno. Le fa go ntse jalo, boemo jwa gagwe bo ne bo sa ntse bo tshwenya mme o ne a tlhoka go ariwa pele ga a ka kgona go tswelela ka ditiro tsa gagwe. E re ka a ne a imolotswe ke go bona monna wa gagwe a fola, Sophia o ne a ntsha safaire gore a nonotshe setshwantsho seno. Ka nako ya fa Kgosi e ne e lwala, Triple Entente e ne ya tswelela go gatelela Gerika gore e ye ntweng le bone. Dimitrios Gounaris, motlhatlhami wa ga Venizelos jaaka Tonakgolo, o ne a tshitshinya gore naga ya gagwe e tsenelele mo ntweng eo e le go duelela go sirelediwa ga Dinaga tse di Kopaneng kgatlhanong le tlhaselo e e neng e ka nna gone ya Bulgaria. Le fa go ntse jalo, Triple Entente, le fa e ne e batla go dira kgolagano le bone, e ne ya gana tumalano eo.^[132]^[133]

Ka nako ya fa Kgosi e ne e lwala, Triple Entente e ne ya tswelela e gatelela Gerika gore e ye ntweng le yone. Dimitrios Gounaris, motlhatlhami wa ga Venizelos jaaka Tonakgolo, o ne a tshitshinya gore naga ya gagwe e tsenelele mo ntweng eo e le go duelela go sirelediwa ga Dinaga tse di Kopaneng kgatlhanong le tlhaselo e e neng e ka nna gone ya Bulgaria. Le fa go ntse jalo, Triple Entente, le fa e ne e batla go dira kgolagano le bone, e ne ya gana tumalano eo.^[134]

Go kgaogana le Venizelos

Ka Seetebosigo 1915, ditlhopho tsa kgotla-peomolao di ne tsa dira gore Ba-Venizel ba fenye. Kgwedi morago ga moo, Constantine I, yo o neng a sa ntse a fola, o ne a simolola ditiro tsa gagwe tsa semmuso gape mme kgabagare a bitsa Venizelos go etelela Kabinete pele ka August 16. Ka September, Bulgaria e ne ya tsena mo ntweng mmogo le Central Powers mme ya tlhasela Serbia, e e neng e le tsala ya Gerika fa e sa le ka 1913. Venizelos o ne a kopa Kgosi gore e dire gore go nne le letsholo le legolo, mme Kgosi e ne ya gana. Le fa go ntse jalo, e le gore go se ka ga nna le mathata a mangwe a sepolotiki, kgabagare Constantine I o ne a laela gore go tlhomiwe masole mme a tlhalosa sentle gore seno e ne e le go itshireletsa fela. Ka di 3 tsa Diphalane, gore a pateletse Kgosi go tsibogela seo, Tonakgolo o ne a kopa Dinaga tse di Kopaneng go gapa boemakepe jwa Thessaloniki mme Constantine I o ne a tswa mo motseng fa masole a Fora, Italy le Boritane a ne a goroga mo motseng. Jaanong go ne go fedile ka Venizelos le lelapa la segosi. ^[135]^[136]

Malebana le mebuso ya Allied, maitsholo a Constantine le Sophia a ne a lebega jaaka boferefere mme ba ne ba tlhagelela jalo mo makwalodikgannyeng a Triple Entente.^[137] ^[138]Mokwalo wa dikgang wa Sefora o ne wa latofatsa Kgosigadi ka go etela mabopo a Phalerum gangwe le gape go tlamela dikepe tsa ka fa tlase ga lewatle tsa Jeremane ka lookwane. ^[139]

Go tshwanetse ga bolelwa gore ka go gana go ya ntweng, Greece e ne ya thibela masole a Franco-British go thusa Serbia, eo masole a yone a neng a iphitlhela a fekeeditswe ke lekgotla la Austro-Bulgarian, mme seno se ne sa dira gore go se ka ga tlhomamisiwa gore a Masomosomo a ne a tla fenya Dardanelles. Go ipusolosetsa, Triple Entente e ne ya laela Gerika gore e ntshe masole a yone mo tirong fa go ne go tlhongwa molao wa sesole kwa Thessaloniki mme go ne ga thibelwa Gerika.

Kganetsano magareng ga Kgosi le Venizelos e ne ya felela ka se se bidiwang National Schism, e e neng e le ntwa magareng ga ba ba neng ba batla gore dilo di nne jaaka di ne di ntse le ba ba neng ba rata diphetogo; magareng ga go nna le mekgwa e mentle le go nna le mekgwa e mentle; magareng ga lefatshe la bogologolo le le lesha.[ 110]^[140]

Go gogiwa ga masole a Boritane go tswa kwa Dardanelles ka Sedimonthole 1915 go ne ga nonotsha go itshepa ga karolo ya "Greece ya bogologolo" (e e kayang dikarolo tsa naga tse di neng di le kgatlhanong le diphetogo, e leng go dikologa Attica le Peloponnese tse di neng di bopa bogolo jwa naga ya Greece ka 1830). Baagi ba mafelo ao ba ne ba belaela e bile ba tenwa ke go bona dinaga tse disha di okediwa ke puso ya Gerika. "Gerika e ntšha" eno e ne e na le batho ba ba rutegileng thata e bile ba na le ditšhaba tse di farologaneng, fa "Gerika ya bogologolo" yone e ne e humanegile, e na le dikoloto e bile e sa ntse e ikaegile thata ka temothuo. Mo matlhong a batho ba "Gerika ya bogologolo", Bagerika ba ba neng ba nna kwa dinageng tse disha e ne e le batswakwa, e bile e le batswakwa. Ka jalo, Kgosi le kereke ba ne ba dirisa letlhoo la batswakwa la "Bogerika jwa bogologolo" go anamisa dikgang tsa maaka gore ba tle ba tlose puso ya ga Venizelos ya kgololesego. Ka 1915, Tonakgolo o ne a ntsha lekwalo la gagwe la go rola tiro ka go bo a ne a le kgatlhanong le go sa tseye kgato ga Kgosi malebana le go phutha batho ka kakaretso. Le fa go ntse jalo, go ne ga latela ditlhopho tsa nakwana mo sephatlong sa ntlha sa 1915, tse mo go tsone Venizelos a neng a fenya gape, a tshegediwa ke "Greece e ntšhwa" (e leng mafatshe a a neng a neelwa Greece ke Tumalano ya Bucharest) le ke batho ba ba gololosegileng, ba ba humileng le ba ba rutegileng ba setšhaba sa "Greece ya bogologolo". Le fa go ntse jalo, seo e ne e se se Kgosi e neng e se batla mme e ne ya dira gore Tonakgolo e menolwe, le fa gone ditiro tsa gagwe di ne di le kgatlhanong le Molaotheo. Venizelos o ne a patelediwa gape go tlogela tiro (ka makgetlho a mabedi ka 1915). Venizelos le batshegetsi ba gagwe ba ne ba gana go nna le seabe mo ditlhophong mme ba bolela gore palamente e e neng e sa tswa go tlhophiwa ya Gerika e ne e se kafa molaong. Go ne ga nna le puso e ntšha e e neng e ikanyega mo Kgosing.

Maiteko a go bolaya

Go tloga ka nako eo go ya pele, puso ya Gerika e ne ya latela tsela e e neng e le botoka mo go Triple Alliance. Baagi ba ne ba ipelaetsa kgatlhanong le go fudusediwa ga masole a Serbia kwa Korfu mme morago ga moo a fudusediwa kwa Thesalonika. Go ne ga ntshiwa ditaelo tsa gore badiredibagolo ba ba neng ba le kwa melelwaneng ba se ka ba ganetsa go tlhaselwa ga Bulgaria, mo go neng ga direga ka May 27, 1916. Kwa bokhutlong, ka Moranang 1916, Constantine I o ne a bolela ka tsela ya tshwantshetso gore Epirus Bokone e ne e tla kopanngwa le Gerika e le go araba go tsenelela ga Italy mo Albania.^[141]

E re ka jaanong ba ne ba tsewa e le baba ba Triple Entente, banyalani bano ba segosi ba ne ba lebana le kganetso e e neng e ntse e oketsega.^[142]Bafora ba ne ba loga maano a a farologaneng a go tsaya dikgosi ka dikgoka kgotsa go di bolaya. Ka Phukwi ka lesome le bone, 1916, go ne ga runya molelo o o gakgamatsang (o go ka diregang gore e ne e le tiro e e neng e dirilwe ka boomo ke badiredi ba kwa Paris) mo sekgweng se se dikologileng Tatoi. Ka ntlha ya tlhakatlhakano eo, Sophia o ne a boloka morwadie yo mmotlana, e bong Kgosigadi Katherine, mme a tabogela dikilometara di le pedi mo sekgweng a tshotse ngwana wa gagwe. Maloko a le mmalwa a lelapa la segosi, go akaretsa le Constantine I ka boene, ba ne ba gobala mme bonno jwa babusi bo ne jwa senngwa thata ke molelo, o o neng wa tsaya diura di le masome a mane le bofeerabobedi. Mo godimo ga tsotlhe, masole a le 16 (kgotsa 18, go ikaegile ka metswedi) le maloko a mangwe a badiri ba ntlo ya segosi ba ne ba bolawa. ^[143]^[144]

Morago ga ditiragalo tseno, boikutlo jwa lelapa la segosi malebana le Jeremane bo ne jwa fetoga thata. Fa gare ga Sedimonthole 1916 le Tlhakole 1917, Kgosigadi, yo o neng a sa rate go rata Jeremane jaaka monna wa gagwe, o ne a romela morwarraagwe dithelekerama di le mmalwa, a mmotsa gore masole a Central a tla kgona go tsenelela leng kwa Makedonia. Le fa go ntse jalo, Sophia o ne a sa ntse a galefetse Mmusimogolo ka ntlha ya kgalefo ya gagwe ka nako ya lenyalo la gagwe le go sokologela ga gagwe kwa Orthodox; mme go tlolwa ga boitlhaodi jwa Gerika ke Triple Entente le matshosetsi a botshelo jwa monna wa gagwe le bana ba gagwe ka iketlo go ne ga fetola maikutlo a gagwe kgatlhanong le Masomosomo.^[145] ^[146]

Go Kgaogana ga Setšhaba le go Gatelelwa ke Lekgotla la Kgolagano e e Gararo

Ka Phalane 1916, Eleftherios Venizelos o ne a tlhoma puso ya nakwana kwa Thessaloniki, e e neng e le kgatlhanong le e e neng e eteletswe pele ke Spyridon Lambros kwa Athena. Seno e ne e le tshimologo ya se se neng se bidiwa National Schism. (Segerika: Εθνικός Διχασμός, Ethnikos Dikhasmos).^[147]Ka nako eo, setlhopha sa dikepe sa Mafora le MaBorithane se se neng se laolwa ke Motlatsa-Admiral Louis Dartige du Fournet, se ne sa thopa kgogometso ya Salamis go gatelela Athene, fa go ntse go romelwa di-ultimatum tse di farologaneng, segolo thata tse di malebana le go latlha dibetsa tsa sesole sa gagwe.^[148] Ka ntlha ya thibelo, go ne go nna thata go tlamela motse-mogolo mme leuba le ne la simologa. Sophia o ne a oketsa maiteko a gagwe a go thusa bahumanegi. A na le Patriotic League of Greek Women, o ne a kgona go aba dijo di le 10 000 ka letsatsi, mmogo le diaparo, dikobo, melemo le mashi a bana. Le fa go ntse jalo, maemo a ne a nna thata le go feta.^[149]

Ka bongwe ka Sedimonthole 1916, kgabagare Constantine I o ne a dumalana le dikopo tsa Bafora, mme masole a Triple Entente a ne a goroga kwa Athene go ya go tsaya ditlhobolo tse di neng di solofeditswe ke mmusi dikgwedi di le pedi pelenyana. Mme lefa go ntse jalo ka sephiri setlhopha sa masole a a neng a le mo polokelong a kwa Gerika se ne sa rulaganya le go nonotsha Athena. ^[150]^[151]Bafora ba ne ba thuntshiwa thata mme ba le bantsi ba ne ba bolawa; tiragalo eno e ne ya bidiwa ke babegadikgang ba selegae ba nako eo jaaka "Greek Vespers". Morago ga seno, kgosi e ne ya akgola Tona ya Ntwa le Mojenerale Dousmanis.^[152]

Lekgotla la Triple Entente le ne la tsibogela tlhaselo eno ka bonako. Masole a Fora a ne a tlhasela ntlo ya segosi kwa Athene, mme ba pateletsa Sophia le bana ba gagwe go tshabela mo diphaposing tse di kwa tlase tsa ntlo ya segosi ka diura di le mmalwa.^[153] Mo godimo ga tsotlhe, puso ya ga Aristide Briand e ne ya ithaopela go tlosa Constantine I mo setulong mme ya mo emisetsa ka morwarraagwe yo mmotlana, Kgosana George.^[154]^[154]

Le fa go ntse jalo, Russia le Italy di ne tsa gana go tsereganya ka ntlha ya go boifa gore Gerika e ka nna ya tsaya Asia Minor le dikamano tsa madi magareng ga Constantine I le Tsar Nicholas II.^[155]

Botshwarwa jwa ntlha

Go tlosiwa mo setulong sa bogosi le go kgaoganngwa ga malapa

Ka nako ya Phetogo e Kgolo ya Russia ya 1917 le go tlosiwa ga ga Nicholas II mo setulong, Constantine le Sophia ba ne ba latlhegelwa ke balatedi ba bone ba bofelo mo Lekgotleng la Dikgosi Tse di Tharo. Ka jalo, ka Seetebosigo 10, 1917, Charles Jonnart, yo e neng e le Moemedi yo Mogolo wa Dinaga Tse di Kopaneng, o ne a kopa Puso ya Greece gore e tlose Kgosi mme e mo emisetse ka kgosana e nngwe. Diadochos George le ene o ne a tsewa e le motho yo o emang Jeremane nokeng. Fa masole a le 10 000 a ne a tshosetsa go tlhasela Piraeus, Constantine I o ne a tlogela puso mme a e neela morwawe wa bobedi, Kgosana Alexander. Le fa go ntse jalo, Constantine o ne a gana go rola marapo. O ne a tlhalosa gore Alexander o tshwanetse go tsewa e le mofuta wa mmusi yo o ikarabelelang mo setulong sa bogosi go fitlha kgosi e e tshwanetseng e boa^[156]

Ka 11 Seetebosigo, lelapa la segosi le ne la tswa ka sephiri kwa Royal Palace, le dikologilwe ke setlhopha sa batho ba ba ikanyegang, mme ba goroga kwa Tatoi. Mo letsatsing le le latelang, Constantine, Sophia le bana ba bone ba batlhano ba ne ba tswa kwa Greece go tswa kwa boemakepeng jwa Oropos, ba tsaya tsela e e yang kwa botshwarong. ^[157] Leno e ne e le lekgetlo la bofelo Sophia a bona morwawe wa bobedi, yo jaanong a neng a itsisiwe e le kgosi e bong Alexander I. Ba-Venizelist ba ne ba iletsa kgolagano epe fela magareng ga kgosi e ntšha le lelapa lotlhe la segosi.^[158]

Botshelo kwa Switzerland

Fa Sophia le lelapa la gagwe ba sena go kgabaganya Lewatle la Ionia le Italy, ba ne ba nna kwa Switzerland, segolobogolo mo gare ga ditoropo tsa St. Moritz, Zurich le Lucerne.^[159]^[160]Mo botshwarong, babusi ba ne ba latelwa ke maloko otlhe a lelapa la segosi ba ba neng ba tswa kwa Gerika fa Venizelos a ne a boa jaaka tlhogo ya puso le fa Gerika e ne e tsena mo ntweng mo letlhakoreng la Triple Entente. Mo godimo ga moo, maemo a tsa madi a lelapa la segosi a ne a sa tlhomama mme Constantine I, yo o neng a ikutlwa a paletswe thata, o ne a lwala ka bonako. Ka 1918, o ne a tshwarwa ke Spanish flu mme gape o ne a le gaufi le go swa. ^[161]

A setse a tshwenyegile ka boitekanelo jwa monna wa gagwe,^[162] Sophia o ne a utlwisitswe botlhoko ke go thibelwa go kopana le morwawe wa bobedi. Tota e bile, kwa Athena, Alexander I o ne a kgaoganngwa gotlhelele le lelapa la gagwe mme puso e ne ya mo thibela semolao gore a se ka a buisana le batsadi ba gagwe. Tota le ka nako e khutshwane e Constantine a neng a le kwa Paris ka yone ka May 1920, badisa ba ne ba lebile ditiro tsa gagwe ka kelotlhoko. Fa Sophia a ne a mo founela kwa hoteleng ya gagwe, monna mongwe o ne a mo araba ka go mo raya a re "Kgosi ya gagwe e maswabi mme ga a kgone go araba mogala". ^[163]

Fa Ntwa ya Ntlha ya Lefatshe e fela le go saeniwa ga Ditumalano tsa Neuilly le Sèvres, Bogosi jwa Gerika bo ne jwa fitlhelela diphitlhelelo tse dikgolo tsa kgaolo kwa Thrace le Anatolia.^[164] Le fa go ntse jalo, naga e ne ya nna e sa tlhomama mme dikgotlhang magareng ga Venizelos le ba lelapa la segosi ba ba neng ba le kwa botshwarwa di ne tsa tswelela. Tshwetso ya ga Alexander I ya go nyala Aspasia Manos go na le go nyala kgosigadi ya kwa Yuropa e ne ya kgopisa Tlhogo ya puso le batsadi ba Kgosi. Ka ntlha ya go rata ditlwaelo tsa loago, Sophia o ne a kgala se a neng a se bona e le kgolagano ya semorafe fa Tonakgolo ene a ne a bona mo lenyalong leno e le tshono e e latlhegileng ya go atamalana le Great Britain.^[165]

Loso la ga Alexander

Ka bobedi jwa Phalane 1920, Kgosi Alexander I o ne a longwa ke tshwene e e neng e le phologolo ya mo gae fa a ne a tsamaya mo ntlong ya segosi ya kwa Tatoi. Dintho tsa gagwe di ne tsa ruruga ka bonako mme a tshwarwa ke letshoroma le le kwa godimo le ke bolwetse jwa sepsis. Ka Phalane lesome le boferabongwe, o ne a simolola go idibala mme a bitsa mmaagwe gore a tle fa thoko ga bolao jwa gagwe. Le fa go ntse jalo, puso ya Gerika e ne ya gana go letla Sophia go boela kwa Gerika; ba ne ba tshaba gore batho ba ba ikanyegang ba tla solegelwa molemo ke go nna gone ga Kgosigadi kwa Athene go rulaganya go ba lwantsha.^[166] ^[167]

Sophia o ne a kopa puso gore e mo letle go tsena mo nageng eo e e neng e tla nna loeto lwa gagwe lwa bofelo le morwawe. E re ka a ne a itse gore ke mogwagwadiagwe fela yo o neng a sa ntse a ratiwa ke batho ba ba neng ba batla go busa le ene, kgabagare o ne a kopa Kgosigadi Olga gore a ye kwa Athena go ya go tlhokomela Alexander. Morago ga go buisana ka malatsi a le mmalwa, Olga o ne a newa tetla ya go boela kwa Gerika. Mme o ne a diegisiwa ke lewatle le le sa iketlang mme a goroga diura di le lesome le bobedi morago ga loso lwa setlogolo sa gagwe, ka di 25 Phalane. ^[168]^[169]

Malatsi a le mabedi morago ga moo, masalela a Kgosi e e neng e sa ntse e le mosha a ne a fitlhwa mo lebitleng la segosi kwa Tatoi. Gape, puso e ne ya iletsa maloko a segosi a a neng a le kwa botshwarwa go tsena mo nageng mme Kgosigadi ya Motlholagadi e ne e le ene fela leloko la lelapa go nna teng kwa phitlhong.^[170] Go tlhokafalelwa ke morwawe le go palelwa ke go ya kwa phitlhong ya gagwe go ne ga ama Sophia fela thata. Babogedi ba le bantsi ba ne ba lemoga kutlobotlhoko e e neng e bonala mo sefatlhegong sa ga Kgosigadi morago ga go latlhegelwa gono.^[171]

Go wa ga Venizelos le puso ya ga Olga

Kwa Athena, loso lwa ga Alexander I lo ne lwa baka mathata a a masisi a puso. E re ka puso ya ga Eleftherios Venizelos e ne e sa bolo go nna kgatlhanong le gore Constantine I le 'Diadochos George' ba boele kwa Gerika, e ne ya solofetsa Kgosana Paul, morwa wa boraro wa mmusi yo o neng a tlositswe, setulo sa bogosi. Le fa go ntse jalo, o ne a gana go tsaya setulo sa bogosi pele ga rraagwe le mogolowe ntle le fa referandamo e ne e mo tlhoma jaaka Tlhogo ya Naga e ntšhwa. ^[172]^[173]

Maemo a ba-Venizelist a ne a setse a le thata morago ga mathata a a neng a le teng mo nageng ka nako ya Ntwa ya Gerika le Turkey ya 1919-1922. Ka jalo, balatedi ba ga Kgosi Constantine I ba ne ba simolola go tuma gape mme Venizelos o ne a fenngwa mo ditlhophong tsa palamente tsa November 1920. Go boela ga babusaesi kwa pusong go ne ga dira gore badiredi ba puso ba Venizelist ba tlogele tiro mme ka di 17 Ngwanatsele Admiral Pavlos Kountouriotis o ne a tlhophiwa go nna motlhankedi morago ga loso lwa Alexander I, o ne a tlhopha go tlogela tiro. Tonakgolo e ntšha Dimitrios Rallis, ka jalo o ne a kopa Kgosigadi ya Motlholagadi Olga go tsaya maemo a go nna motlhatlhami go fitlha morwawe a boa, ka di 19 Sedimonthole 1920. Mo e ka nnang kgwedi, e ne e le tlhogo ya bogosi jwa Gerika mme seabe sa gagwe se ne se lekanyeditswe fela mo go baakanyetseng go busediwa ga ga Constantine I.^[174]^[175]

Ka nako eo, kwa Switzerland, lelapa la segosi le ne le ipaakanyetsa lenyalo la bana ba bone ba babedi le bana ba Kgosi Ferdinand I wa Romania. Dibeke di sekae pele ga loso lwa ga Alexander I, 'Diadochos George' o ne a beeletsana le Kgosigadi Elisabeth wa Romania, fa Kgosigadi Helen wa Greece a ne a beeletsane ka sephiri le Kgosana Carol wa Romania go tloga ka 1913. Sophia o ne a kgotsofaletse lenyalo la morwawe le le neng le tla, mme o ne a sa rate gore morwadie a ratane le Kgosana ya kwa Romania. E re ka Kgosigadi e ne e sa ntse e utlwisitswe botlhoko ke loso lwa ga Alexander, e ne e sa batle go latlhegelwa ke ngwana yo mongwe gape. Sophia o ne a sa tshepe Carol II wa mo isagweng, yo lenyalo la gagwe le tlhalo ya gagwe le Zizi Lambrino di neng di setse di mo tshositse.^[176]

Kgosigadi ya Bagerika:

Puso ya bobedi Go boela kwa Gerika

Fa Constantine I le Sophia ba ne ba boela kwa Athena ka December 19, 1920, go ne ga nna le mekoloko e megolo ya boitumelo. Mo mebileng yotlhe, ditshwantsho tsa ga Venizelos di ne tsa ntshiwa mme tsa emisediwa ka tsa lelapa la segosi. Boidiidi jo bogolo bo ne jwa dikaganyetsa banyalani ba segosi mo mebileng ya motsemogolo mme, fa ba sena go boela kwa Royal Palace, ba ne ba tshwanelwa ke go tlhagelela kgapetsakgapetsa mo mabaleng go dumedisa batho ba ba neng ba ba dumedisa. ^[177]^[178]

Le fa go ntse jalo, go nna gone ga babusi bano kwa Gerika ga go a ka ga tlisa kagiso e e neng e solofetswe. Tota e bile, ba e neng e le ditsala tsa bone ga ba a ka ba itshwarela Kgosi le Kgosigadi ka nako ya Ntwa ya Lefatshe I mme ba ne ba sa ipaakanyetsa go ba ema nokeng. ^[179]Go se rate Constantine I le Sophia ga mebuso e megolo go ne ga bonala sentle fa go ne go ketekiwa lenyalo la ga Kgosigadi Helen le Kgosana ya kwa Romania e bong Carol kwa Athena. Moemedi wa Boritane le mosadi wa gagwe ba ba neng ba le teng kwa lenyalong leo, ba ne ba gana go dumedisa Kgosi le Kgosigadi ya Gerika mme gone ba ne ba tlotla Kgosigadi Marie wa Romania. Mo go Sophia, go ne go le thata go itshokela go tlontlololwa ka gonne o ne a ntse a le mo dikamanong tse di siameng le baemedi ba United Kingdom pele Constantine I a tlosiwa mo setulong mme o ne a tswelela go godisa maikutlo a lorato mo nageng ya ga mmaagwe.^[180]

Selo se segolo se se neng sa itumedisa Sophia fa a sena go boela kwa Gerika e ne e le go tsholwa ga setlogolo sa gagwe e bong Alexandra, ka Mopitlo 25, 1921. Le fa kwa tshimologong a ne a le kgatlhanong le lenyalo la ga Alexander le Aspasia Manos, Kgosigadi e ne ya amogela morwadiabone ka boitumelo mme ya gatelela monna wa gagwe le morwa wa gagwe yo mogolo gore ba neye morwadiabone maemo le direto tse di neetsweng maloko a lelapa la segosi.^[181] ^[182]

Masetlapelo a magolo

Morago ga go atlega kwa tshimologong, maemo a masole a Bagerika a ne a nna maswe le go feta kwa Anatolia. Constantine I o ne a swetsa go etela koo ka Motsheganong 1921 go tshegetsa mowa wa ntwa; le fa go ntse jalo, e ne e se Molaodi-mogolo yo o matlhagatlhaga yo o neng a etelela naga ya gagwe pele go ya phenyong mo Dintweng tsa Balkan tsa 1912-1913. E re ka a ne a koafaditswe thata ke bolwetse, o ne a tshwanelwa ke go boela kwa Gerika ka Lwetse, e leng se bangwe ba neng ba se tsaya e le go ngwega mo bosoleng tota. ^[183]Sophia ene o ne a ka dira go le gontsi go na le go thusa monna wa gagwe fela le go simolola tiro ya gagwe ya booki le masole a a gobetseng.^[184]

Ntwa ya Gerika le Turkey e ne ya tswelela go fitlha fa Gerika e fenya Sakarya ka Phatwe le Lwetse ka 1921, le go dikaganyediwa le go fisiwa ga Smyrna (e jaanong e leng İzmir) ke Ba-Turkey ka Lwetse ka 1922. Morago ga ditiragalo tseno, naga e ne ya wela mo mathateng a magolo a sepolotiki le a boitsholo. ^[185] Fa Mustafa Kemal le masole a gagwe ba ne ba gapa Anatolia le botlhaba jwa Thrace, diketekete tsa Bagerika di ne tsa bolawa mme ba bangwe ba ne ba tshaba go tswa kwa Asia Minor go ya go batla botshabelo kwa Greece.^[186] ^[187] Se se ne sa bidiwa "Masetlapelo a Magolo", a a neng a nna teng morago ga dikgwedi di le mmalwa ka go saeniwa ga Tumalano ya Lausanne (24 Phukwi 1923).

Go rola marapo ga ga Constantine I

Go tsibogela go fenngwa ga masole ke Ba-Turkey, karolo ya sesole sa Gerika, e e neng e laolwa ke Mojenerale Nikolaos Plastiras, e ne ya tsuologa ka 11 Lwetse 1922 (go ya ka khalendara ya Julian, 24 Lwetse go ya ka khalendara ya Gregorian e e dirisiwang mo lefatsheng lotlhe). Ba ne ba batla gore Constantine I a tlogele bogosi le gore Palamente ya Gerika e fedisiwe. Morago ga go buisana le tsala ya gagwe, General Ioannis Metaxas, Kgosi o ne a tlogela bogosi malatsi a le mararo morago ga moo ka 27 Lwetse a direla morwa wa gagwe yo mogolo, yo o neng a mo tlhatlhama mo setulong sa bogosi ka leina la George II.^[188]^[189]

Kgosigadi ya Motlholagadi

Botshwarwa jwa Bobedi le go tshwenyega ka Gerik

Constantine I le Sophia ba ne ba tlhopha gape go ya botshwarwa gore ba sireletsege le gore morwaabone a nne mo setulong sa bogosi. Ka 30 Diphalane 1922 banyalani ba bogosi ba ba neng ba tlositswe mo setulong, Dikgosigadi Irene le Katherine le Kgosana Nicholas le ba lelapa la gagwe, ba ne ba ya gape kwa boemakepeng jwa Oropos go tswa mo nageng ya bone mme, go farologana le se se diragetseng ka 1917, balatedi ba le mmalwa ba ne ba ba emetse mo nakong eno pele ga go tsamaya ga bone go ya botshwarong. ^[190]^[191]

Ba lelapa la bogosi ba ne ba goroga kwa Sicily ka sekepe sa sekepe sa Greek sa SS Patris mme ba fudugela kwa Villa Hygeia kwa Palermo.^[192]Boemo jwa sepolotiki jwa kwa Gerika bo ne jwa tswelela e le selo se se tshwenyang batshwarwa. Tota e bile, kwa Athena, se go neng go twe ke Tsheko ya Ba ba Thataro se ne sa dira gore go bolawe ba e kileng ya bo e le Ditonakgolo e bong Petros Protopapadakis, Nikolaos Stratos le Dimitrios Gounaris le Bagenerale e bong Georgios Baltatzis, Nikolaos Theotokis le Georgios Hatzianestis, botlhe ba ne ba latofadiwa ka gore ke bone ba dirileng gore Turkey e fenngwe. Mo godimo ga tsotlhe, botshelo jwa ga Kgosana Andrew, morwarraagwe Constantine I, bo ne bo tshosediwa gape ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele/ Sedimonthole 1922 mme ke fela ka thuso ya dipuso tsa dinaga di sele a neng a fetola katlholo ya gagwe go tswa mo losong go ya kwa botshwarong. ^[193]

Loso lwa ga Constantine I le go tlosiwa ga ga George II mo setulong

E re ka Constantine I a ne a ntse a tshwenyega thata mo maikutlong ka ntlha ya ditiragalo tse di neng di tshositse Gerika e bile a tshwerwe ke bolwetse jwa arteriosclerosis, o ne a tshwenyega thata mo maikutlong. Ka dinako tse dingwe o ne a fetsa diura di le dintsi a sa bue sepe, a lebile fela mo lefaufaung. E re ka a ne a lebane le seemo seno, go tlhobaela ga ga Sophia (go go neng go setse go oketsegile ka ntlha ya se se neng se diragaletse George II le maloko a mangwe a lelapa la segosi a a neng a setse kwa Greece), go ne ga oketsega fela. Ka jalo, Kgosigadi le monna wa gagwe ba ne ba dira tshwetso ya go tswa kwa Sicily mme ba ya go nna kwa Florence. Le fa go ntse jalo, Constantine I o ne a tlhokafala ka ntlha ya go dutla madi mo bobokong nakwana fela pele ga ba tsamaya, ka di 11 Ferikgong 1923, mme Sophia o ne a iphitlhela a le nosi go feta jaaka a ne a ntse pele.^[194]

Morago ga loso lwa monna wa gagwe, Sophia o ne a batla go busetsa masalela a gagwe kwa gae go fitlhwa kwa Tatoi mme puso ya Gerika e ne ya gana, ka George II a sa kgone go dira sepe.^[195]Tota e bile, seemo sa Kgosi e ntšha se ne se ntse se le kotsi mme kwa bofelong, ene ka boene o ne a ya kwa botshwarong kwa Romania dikgwedi di le mmalwa morago ga loso lwa ga rraagwe, ka 19 Sedimonthole 1923. Rephaboliki e ne ya tlhongwa kwa Greece ka 25 Mopitlwe 1924 mme Sophia le maloko a mangwe a lelapa la segosi ba ne ba tseelwa bosetšhaba jwa bone jwa Hellenic. Le fa go ntse jalo, dikgosi tsa kwa Gerika di ne tsa tswelela go nna le direto tsa bone tsa kwa Denmark fa e sale George I a nna kgosi ya Gerika ka 1863 mme Kgosi Christian IX wa kwa Denmark o ne a ba naya dipaseporoto tsa kwa Denmark ka bonako. ^[196]^[197]

Dingwaga tsa bofelo

Sophia, yo jaanong e neng e le Kgosigadi ya Motlholagadi, o ne a tswa kwa Borwa jwa Italy le bomorwadie e bong Irene le Katherine mme ba fudugela kwa Tuscany, kwa Villa Bobolina^[198]ya Fiesole. ^[199]^[200]Go tloga ka 1924 go fitlha ka 1927, basadi ba bararo ba ne ba kopanngwa le Dikgosigadi Aspasia le Alexandra, go itumedisa Sophia thata, ka gonne o ne a rata setlogolo sa gagwe thata.^[201]^[202]Ka 1930, Kgosigadi Helen le ene o ne a tla go nna le mmaagwe morago ga lenyalo la gagwe le le neng la felela ka tlhalo le Kgosi Carol II wa Romania. Ka nako ya malatsi a boikhutso a selemo, Kgosigadi ya Motlholagadi e ne ya nna le tshono ya go bona setlogolo sa gagwe e bong Kgosana Michael wa Romania, fa a ne a etetse mmaagwe. ^[203]

A dikologilwe ke balelapa la gagwe, Sophia o ne a nna a ritibetse, mme ka a ne a dumela gore Gerika e ka se nne repaboliki go ya go ile, o ne a gana go reka ntlo ya bonno koo a neng a nna gone.^[204]E re ka jaanong a ne a sa tlhole a na le maemo ape a semmuso, o ne a na le kgololesego e kgolwane ya go tsaya maeto. O ne a ya kwa Jeremane gangwe le gape, koo a neng a kopana gape le kgaitsadie Margaret, mme gape le kwa Great Britain, morago ga go bona tetla go tswa go Kgosi George V.^[205] Kgosigadi ya Motlholagadi gape e ne e le mosupi wa dinako tse di maatla mo botshelong jwa batlotlegi ba Yuropa. Ka 1929, o ne a ya kwa Doorn kwa Netherlands go ya go keteka letsatsi la matsalo la bo 70 la ga morwarraagwe, mmusimogolo William II, yo a neng a sa mmona fa e sale ka 1914. ^[206]

Fa Sophie a ntse a gola, o ne a simolola go rata bodumedi thata. O ne a nna a ntse a le mo bodumeding jwa Orthodox, mme gape o ne a ya dikopanong tsa kereke ya Anglican fa a ne a kgona. Kgosigadi e ne e kgatlhegela gape le dibuka tsa Baporotesetanta, segolobogolo dibuka tsa moruti wa Episcopal e bong Samuel Shoemaker (segolobogolo Religion That Works le Twice Born Ministers) le tsa Moruti wa Presbyterian Rev. James Reid (In Touch With Christ [Go Ikgolaganya le Keresete]). Kgabagare, o ne a nna a kwalelana le moruti wa Anglican e bong R. W. Cole, yo a kopaneng nae kwa Birchington, mme a fetsa diura tse ditelele a rapela.^[207]

Bolwetse, loso le phitlho

Sophia o ne a lwala ka dingwaga di le dintsi, mme go tloga ka 1930 bolwetse jwa gagwe bo ne jwa nna maswe le go feta, e leng se se neng sa dira gore a ye go alafiwa kwa bookelong jwa kwa Frankfurt. Go lebega a ne a setse a fodile ka Sedimonthole, mme o ne a dirisa maatla a gagwe ka botlalo mme ka 1931 o ne a ya kwa Great Britain, Bavaria le Venice. Mme ka September, boemo jwa gagwe bo ne jwa nna maswe gape mme o ne a tshwanelwa ke go boela kwa Frankfurt, kwa a neng a ariwa gone. E ne e le ka yone nako eno fa dingaka di ne di lemoga gore o na le kankere e e neng e setse e etegetse mme ba ne ba raya Kgosigadi ya Motlholagadi ba re o tla tshela dibeke di sekae fela. Morago ga meletlo ya Ngwaga o Mosha wa 1932, ka iketlo Sophia o ne a tlogela go ja mme botsogo jwa gagwe bo ne jwa koafala ka bonako. Kgabagare o ne a tlhokafala a dikologilwe ke bana ba gagwe kwa bookelong, ka 13 Ferikgong 1932. ^[208]^[209]

Mmele wa ga Sophia o ne wa fudusediwa kwa kagong ya phemelo ya Friedrichshof, koo a neng a ikhutsa malatsi a sekae pele a romelwa kwa Kerekeng ya Russia kwa Florence, koo a neng a fitlhwa teng mmogo le monna wa gagwe le matsalaagwe. Ba ne ba nna koo dingwaga di le nne go fitlha George II a busediwa mo setulong sa bogosi sa Greece ka 1935. ^[210]^[211]

Morago ga gore a busediwe mo setulong sa bogosi sa Gerika, George II o ne a rulaganya go busediwa ga masalela a maloko a lelapa la gagwe a a neng a tlhokafetse kwa botshwarong. E ne e le moletlo o o botlhokwa wa bodumedi o o neng wa dira gore maloko otlhe a lelapa la segosi a a neng a sa ntse a tshela a kopane mmogo ka malatsi a le marataro ka November 1936. Mmele wa ga Sophia o ne wa fitlhwa kwa mabitleng a segosi kwa Tatoi Palace, koo a sa ntseng a ikhuditse teng le gompieno.^[212]^[213]

Diakhaefe

Makwalo a ga Sophia a a kwaletsweng kgaitsadie Margaret a bolokilwe mo Archive of the House of Hesse, e e bolokilweng kwa Fasanerie Palace kwa Eichenzell, kwa Jeremane.^[214]

Mo setsong se se tumileng

Dibuka

Mo bukeng ya The Athenians, mokwaladikgang wa kwa Boritane e bile e le mokwadi e bong Beverley Nichols o bua ka kgang ya lekgarebe lengwe la Moesemane le le neng la latofadiwa ke Secret Intelligence Service ka gore le bolaye Kgosi Constantine I ka nako ya Ntwa ya Lefatshe I. Le fa go ntse jalo, buka eno ya ditlhola, e e neng e tlhotlheleditswe ke patlisiso e e neng ya dirwa ke mokwadi kwa Gerika morago ga go busediwa ga puso, ga e ise e ko e gololwe ka gonne ntlo ya Nichols ya go gatisa e ne ya e tsaya e le e e tshwenyang thata. Tiro e, e e neng e neetswe Kgosigadi Sophia, e teng gompieno fela ka mokgwa wa mokwalo wa seatla. ^[215]

Filimi le thelebishene

Seabe sa ga Sophia se tshamekiwa ke motshameki Olga Karlatos mo filiming ya Greek Eleftherios Venizelos of Pantelis Voulgaris (1980).^[216]
Sophia o ne gape a tshamekiwa ke motshameki wa motshameko wa kwa Greece Antigoni Amanitou mo American mini-series ya dikarolo tse pedi The First Olympics: Athens 1896, e e neng e tsamaisiwa ke Alvin Rakoff (1984).^[217]
Sophia o ne a tshamekwa ke motshameki wa Moesemane Sophie Trott mo filiming ya kwa Boritane ya Victoria & Abdul (2017).

DiPhaleristics

Ka 1936, Taelo ya Baitshepi Olga le Sophia (Greek: Basilikon oikogeneiakon tagma ton agion Olgas kai Sophias) e ne ya tlhomiwa ke Kgosi George II wa Greece go gopola mmagwemogolo le mmaagwe.^[218]^[219]

Leina la Tselana

Kwa Athene, Vasilissis Sofias Avenue (Greek) e ne ya reelelwa ka Kgosigadi Sophia. Tsela eno e kgolo, e e simololang kwa makopanelong a Vasilissis Amalias Avenue le Panepistimiou Street mme e bo e felela kwa Alexandras, Kifisias le Mesogeion Avenues, e ne e na le dingwe tsa dikago tse dikgolo tsa motse-mogolo wa Gerika: Old Royal Palace, National Garden ya Athena, Byzantine and Christian Museum le War Museum.

Metswedi

↑ Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[1]
↑ Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[2]
↑ On 21 June 1870 Madrid offered the Spanish throne to Leopold, Prince of Hohenzollern, a distant cousin of William I of Prussia. The Second French Empire immediately declared its opposition to the project and Prince Leopold eventually declined the offer. Bismarck, however, took this opportunity to force France to declare war on Prussia. Aware of the Prussian military superiority, the Chancellor was indeed convinced that they could defeat the French and in this way finished the Unification of Germany.[3]
↑ Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[4]
↑ Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[5]
↑ Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[6]
↑ "She [the Queen] is so nice to kiss you cannot think," Sophia said at age 11.
↑ Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[7]
↑ Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[8]
↑ Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[9]
↑ Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[10]
↑ Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[11]
↑ Mateos Sainz de Medrano, Ricardo (2004). La Familia de la Reina Sofía : La Dinastía griega, la Casa de Hannover y los reales primos de Europa (in Spanish). Madrid: La Esfera de los Libros. ISBN 84-9734-195-3.[12]
↑ Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[13]
↑ Driault, Édouard; Lhéritier, Michel (1926). Histoire diplomatique de la Grèce de 1821 à nos jours : La Grèce et la Grande Guerre - De la Révolution turque au traité de Lausanne (1908-1923) (in French). Vol. V. PUF.[14]
↑ Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[15]
↑ Mateos Sainz de Medrano, Ricardo (2004). La Familia de la Reina Sofía : La Dinastía griega, la Casa de Hannover y los reales primos de Europa (in Spanish). Madrid: La Esfera de los Libros. ISBN 84-9734-195-3.[16]
↑ Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[17]
↑ Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.
↑ Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[18]
↑ Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[19]
↑ In a letter to her mother Queen Victoria, the Dowager Empress wrote: "... my trio is now broken and I feel embittered." Empress Frederick and Frederick Ponsonby, Letters of the Empress Frederick, Kessinger ed, 2007, pp. 393-394
↑ Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[20]
↑ Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[21]
↑ The Lutheran service took place in the private Chapel of King George I while the Orthodox ceremony was celebrated in the new Metropolitan Cathedral of Athens.[22]
↑ Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[23]
↑ Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[24]
↑ Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[25]
↑ Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[26]
↑ This was also the assertion at the time of the French, Italian and Austrian newspapers.
↑ Driault, Édouard; Lhéritier, Michel (1926). Histoire diplomatique de la Grèce de 1821 à nos jours : La Grèce et la Grande Guerre - De la Révolution turque au traité de Lausanne (1908-1923) (in French). Vol. V. PUF.[27]
↑ Mateos Sainz de Medrano, Ricardo (2004). La Familia de la Reina Sofía : La Dinastía griega, la Casa de Hannover y los reales primos de Europa (in Spanish). Madrid: La Esfera de los Libros. ISBN 84-9734-195-3.[28]
↑ Mateos Sainz de Medrano, Ricardo (2004). La Familia de la Reina Sofía : La Dinastía griega, la Casa de Hannover y los reales primos de Europa (in Spanish). Madrid: La Esfera de los Libros. ISBN 84-9734-195-3.[29]
↑ Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[30]
↑ Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[31]
↑ The construction of the palace, led by architect Ernst Ziller, which it financed and completed around 1900. For more details, see:[32]
↑ Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[33]
↑ Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[34]
↑ The couple's income was fairly modest, but Sophia's marriage contract guaranteed a comfortable existence. The princess did receive from the Kingdom of Prussia a dowry of 50,000 marks and 150,000 marks of paraphernalia. Sophia had also inherited two million marks from her father Emperor Frederick III in 1888. Finally, Constantine received an annual income and King George I guaranteed a comfortable dower.[35]
↑ Bertin, Célia (1982). Marie Bonaparte (in French). Paris: Perrin. ISBN 226201602X.[36]
↑ Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[37]
↑ Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[38]
↑ Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[39]
↑ Sophia's conversion was probably motivated because she was obliged to do so under her new family's house law
↑ Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[40]
↑ Driault, Édouard; Lhéritier, Michel (1926). Histoire diplomatique de la Grèce de 1821 à nos jours : La Grèce et la Grande Guerre - De la Révolution turque au traité de Lausanne (1908-1923) (in French). Vol. V. PUF.[41]
↑ Driault, Édouard; Lhéritier, Michel (1926). Histoire diplomatique de la Grèce de 1821 à nos jours : La Grèce et la Grande Guerre - De la Révolution turque au traité de Lausanne (1908-1923) (in French). Vol. V. PUF.[42]
↑ Philip Carabott: Politics, Orthodoxy and the Language Question in Greece: The Gospel Riots of November 1901, Journal of Mediterranean Studies, nª 3, 1993, p. 125.
↑ Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[43]
↑ Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[44]
↑ Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[45]
↑ Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[46]
↑ Driault, Édouard; Lhéritier, Michel (1926). Histoire diplomatique de la Grèce de 1821 à nos jours : La Grèce et la Grande Guerre - De la Révolution turque au traité de Lausanne (1908-1923) (in French). Vol. V. PUF.[47]
↑ The Emperor and his wife considered that Sophia's conversion was responsible for the premature birth of their son Joachim; shortly after William II wrote to his mother that had the baby died, Sophia would have "murdered it."[48]
↑ Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[49]
↑ Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[50]
↑ Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[51]
↑ Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[52]
↑ At that time, the Cretans suffered a violent repression by the Ottoman power, prompting thousands of Cretans to leave their island to seek shelter in Athens. For details, see: Cretan Revolt (1897–1898)[53]
↑ Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[54]
↑ Mateos Sainz de Medrano, Ricardo (2004). La Familia de la Reina Sofía : La Dinastía griega, la Casa de Hannover y los reales primos de Europa (in Spanish). Madrid: La Esfera de los Libros. ISBN 84-9734-195-3.[55]
↑ Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[56]
↑ Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[57]
↑ Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[58]
↑ In addition to withdrawing their troops from Crete, Greece had to officially recognize the independence of the island, a condition that none of the other Great Powers suggested.[59]
↑ Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[60]
↑ Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[61]
↑ Driault, Édouard; Lhéritier, Michel (1926). Histoire diplomatique de la Grèce de 1821 à nos jours : La Grèce et la Grande Guerre - De la Révolution turque au traité de Lausanne (1908-1923) (in French). Vol. V. PUF.[62]
↑ Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[63]
↑ Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[64]
↑ Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[65]
↑ Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243 [66]
↑ Driault, Édouard; Lhéritier, Michel (1926). Histoire diplomatique de la Grèce de 1821 à nos jours : La Grèce et la Grande Guerre - De la Révolution turque au traité de Lausanne (1908-1923) (in French). Vol. V. PUF.[67]
↑ Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[68]
↑ Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[69]
↑ Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[70]
↑ Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[71]
↑ Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[72]
↑ Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471 [73]
↑ Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471 [74]
↑ Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[75]
↑ Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[76]
↑ Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[77]
↑ Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[78]
↑ Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[79]
↑ Bertin, Célia (1982). Marie Bonaparte (in French). Paris: Perrin. ISBN 226201602X.[80]
↑ Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243 [81]
↑ Driault, Édouard; Lhéritier, Michel (1926). Histoire diplomatique de la Grèce de 1821 à nos jours : La Grèce et la Grande Guerre - De la Révolution turque au traité de Lausanne (1908-1923) (in French). Vol. V. PUF.[82]
↑ Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471 [83]
↑ Terrades, Marc (2005). Le Drame de l'hellénisme : Ion Dragoumis (1878-1920) et la question nationale en Grèce au début du xxe siècle (in French). L'Harmattan. ISBN 2747577880.[84]
↑ When Prince George of Greece, Sophia's brother-in-law, was High Commissioner of the Cretan State, between 1905 and 1909, Venizelos fiercely opposed his policy and the Cretan leader acquired a strong anti-monarchical will. The officers of the League thus saw him as a natural and effective partner against King George I.[85]
↑ Vacalopoulos, Apostolos (1975). Histoire de la Grèce moderne (in French). Horvath. ISBN 2-7171-0057-1.[86]
↑ Vacalopoulos, Apostolos (1975). Histoire de la Grèce moderne (in French). Horvath. ISBN 2-7171-0057-1.[87]
↑ Clogg, Richard (1979). A Short History of Modern Greece. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521328373.[88]
↑ Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[89]
↑ Driault, Édouard; Lhéritier, Michel (1926). Histoire diplomatique de la Grèce de 1821 à nos jours : La Grèce et la Grande Guerre - De la Révolution turque au traité de Lausanne (1908-1923) (in French). Vol. V. PUF.[90]
↑ Clogg, Richard (1979). A Short History of Modern Greece. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521328373.[91]
↑ Vacalopoulos, Apostolos (1975). Histoire de la Grèce moderne (in French). Horvath. ISBN 2-7171-0057-1.[92]
↑ Vacalopoulos, Apostolos (1975). Histoire de la Grèce moderne (in French). Horvath. ISBN 2-7171-0057-1.[93]
↑ Vickers, Hugo (2000). Alice, Princess Andrew of Greece. Londres: Hamish Hamilton. ISBN 0-241-13686-5.[94]
↑ Vickers, Hugo (2000). Alice, Princess Andrew of Greece. Londres: Hamish Hamilton. ISBN 0-241-13686-5.[95]
↑ Captain Walter Christmas: King George of Greece, New York, New York, MacBride, Naste & Company, 1914, p. 368.
↑ Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[96]
↑ Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243 [97]
↑ Captain Walter Christmas: King George of Greece, New York, New York, MacBride, Naste & Company, 1914, p. 368.
↑ Alice and Sophia were first cousins once removed in descent from Queen Victoria; Alice's mother Princess Louis of Battenberg was, like Sophia, a granddaughter of Queen Victoria (through her second daughter, also named Alice).[98]
↑ Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[99]
↑ Vickers, Hugo (2000). Alice, Princess Andrew of Greece. Londres: Hamish Hamilton. ISBN 0-241-13686-5.[100]
↑ Vickers, Hugo (2000). Alice, Princess Andrew of Greece. Londres: Hamish Hamilton. ISBN 0-241-13686-5.[101]
↑ Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[102]
↑ Mateos Sainz de Medrano 2004, p. 82 and 212–214.[103]
↑ Mateos Sainz de Medrano, Ricardo (2004). La Familia de la Reina Sofía : La Dinastía griega, la Casa de Hannover y los reales primos de Europa (in Spanish). Madrid: La Esfera de los Libros. ISBN 84-9734-195-3.[104]
↑ Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[105]
↑ Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471 [106]
↑ Hugo Vickers, in his biography of Princess Alice of Battenberg, however, says that it was Princess Alice and Princes Andrew and George of Greece who gave Queen Olga the news of her husband's murder.[107]
↑ Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[108]
↑ In 1909, a fire destroyed a large part of the Royal Palace (now used by the Hellenic Parliament), with the result that the Crown Prince's Palace was used temporarily as the residence of the royal family. However, it wasn't until the ascension of Constantine I to the throne that the Palace became the main royal residence.[109]
↑ Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[110]
↑ Mateos Sainz de Medrano, Ricardo (2004). La Familia de la Reina Sofía : La Dinastía griega, la Casa de Hannover y los reales primos de Europa (in Spanish). Madrid: La Esfera de los Libros. ISBN 84-9734-195-3.[111]
↑ Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[112]
↑ Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[113]
↑ Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[114]
↑ Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[115]
↑ King Constantine I was the first-cousin of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia and King George V of the United Kingdom. As for Sophia, she was the sister of Emperor William II of Germany and cousin of the Tsarina Alexandra Feodorovna (Alix of Hesse) and King George V.[116]
↑ Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[117]
↑ Διβάνη, Λένα (2010). "Μακεδονία". H Εδαφική Ολοκλήρωση της Ελλάδας (1830-1947). Αθήνα: Εκδόσεις Καστανιώτη. ISBN 9789600329025 [118]
↑ "The surrender of Fort Roupel". www.roupel.com. Retrieved 29 September 2020.[119]
↑ Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[120]
↑ Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[121]
↑ Leon, G. B. (1974). Greece and the Great Powers 1914-17. Thessaloniki: Institute of Balkan Studies. OCLC 462815121
↑ Δέλτα, Πηνελόπη (2009). "Α' ΠΑΓΚΟΣΜΙΟΣ ΠΟΛΕΜΟΣ". Ελευθεριοσ ΒενιζελοσΣ: Ημερολογιο-Αναμνησεισ-Μαρρτυριεσ-Αλληλογραφια. Αθήνα: Εκδόσεις Ερμής. ISBN 9789603200345.[122]
↑ Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[123]
↑ Mateos Sainz de Medrano, Ricardo (2004). La Familia de la Reina Sofía : La Dinastía griega, la Casa de Hannover y los reales primos de Europa (in Spanish). Madrid: La Esfera de los Libros. ISBN 84-9734-195-3 [124]
↑ Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[125]
↑ Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[126]
↑ La France héroïque et ses alliés (in French). Vol. II. Larousse. 1919.
↑ It's said that since their marriage, Constantine and Sophia are regarded as toys of German politics by the French government.[127]
↑ Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[128]
↑ Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[129]
↑ Παπαρρηγόπουλος, Κωνσταντίνος (2008). "2-3". Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους, τόμος 15. Αθήνα: Εκδοτική Αθηνών. ISBN 9789602131114.[130]
↑ Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471 [131]
↑ During a visit of Prince Andrew of Greece to the Permanent Sub-Secretary at the Foreign Office, the latter said coldly: "What can we expect [from Greece] as your Queen is the sister of the Emperor?"[132]
↑ Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[133]
↑ Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[134]
↑ Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[135]
↑ Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[136]
↑ Driault, Édouard; Lhéritier, Michel (1926). Histoire diplomatique de la Grèce de 1821 à nos jours : La Grèce et la Grande Guerre - De la Révolution turque au traité de Lausanne (1908-1923) (in French). Vol. V. PUF.[137]
↑ Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[138]
↑ La France héroïque et ses alliés (in French). Vol. II. Larousse. 1919.
↑ Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[139]
↑ Bertin, Célia (1982). Marie Bonaparte (in French). Paris: Perrin. ISBN 226201602X.[140]
↑ La France héroïque et ses alliés (in French). Vol. II. Larousse. 1919.
↑ Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[141]
↑ ^154.0 ^154.1 Bertin, Célia (1982). Marie Bonaparte (in French). Paris: Perrin. ISBN 226201602X.[142]
↑ Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[143]
↑ Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[144]
↑ Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[145]
↑ Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[146]
↑ Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[147]
↑ Mateos Sainz de Medrano, Ricardo (2004). La Familia de la Reina Sofía : La Dinastía griega, la Casa de Hannover y los reales primos de Europa (in Spanish). Madrid: La Esfera de los Libros. ISBN 84-9734-195-3.[148]
↑ Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471 [149]
↑ Mateos Sainz de Medrano, Ricardo (2004). La Familia de la Reina Sofía : La Dinastía griega, la Casa de Hannover y los reales primos de Europa (in Spanish). Madrid: La Esfera de los Libros. ISBN 84-9734-195-3.[150]
↑ Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[151]
↑ Driault, Édouard; Lhéritier, Michel (1926). Histoire diplomatique de la Grèce de 1821 à nos jours : La Grèce et la Grande Guerre - De la Révolution turque au traité de Lausanne (1908-1923) (in French). Vol. V. PUF.[152]
↑ Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[153]
↑ Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[154]
↑ Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[155]
↑ Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243 [156]
↑ Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[157]
↑ Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[158]
↑ Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[159]
↑ Vickers, Hugo (2000). Alice, Princess Andrew of Greece. Londres: Hamish Hamilton. ISBN 0-241-13686-5.[160]
↑ Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471 [161]
↑ Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[162]
↑ Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471 [163]
↑ Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243 [164]
↑ Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[165]
↑ Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[166]
↑ Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[167]
↑ Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[168]
↑ Mateos Sainz de Medrano, Ricardo (2004). La Familia de la Reina Sofía : La Dinastía griega, la Casa de Hannover y los reales primos de Europa (in Spanish). Madrid: La Esfera de los Libros. ISBN 84-9734-195-3.[169]
↑ Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[170]
↑ Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[171]
↑ Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[172]
↑ Bertin, Célia (1982). Marie Bonaparte (in French). Paris: Perrin. ISBN 226201602X [173]
↑ Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[174]
↑ Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[175]
↑ Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471 [176]
↑ Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[177]
↑ Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[178]
↑ Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[179]
↑ Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[180]
↑ Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[181]
↑ Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[182]
↑ Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[183]
↑ Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243 [184]
↑ Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471 [185]
↑ When Sophia died, this villa of the 15th century was bought by her eldest daughter Helen, Queen Mother of Romania, who renamed it Villa Sparta. That is why several sources give that name to the residence
↑ Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[186]
↑ Mateos Sainz de Medrano, Ricardo (2004). La Familia de la Reina Sofía : La Dinastía griega, la Casa de Hannover y los reales primos de Europa (in Spanish). Madrid: La Esfera de los Libros. ISBN 84-9734-195-3.[187]
↑ Mateos Sainz de Medrano, Ricardo (2004). La Familia de la Reina Sofía : La Dinastía griega, la Casa de Hannover y los reales primos de Europa (in Spanish). Madrid: La Esfera de los Libros. ISBN 84-9734-195-3.[188]
↑ Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[189]
↑ Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[190]
↑ Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[191]
↑ Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[192]
↑ Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243 [193]
↑ Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[194]
↑ Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[195]
↑ Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[196]
↑ Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[197]
↑ Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[198]
↑ Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[199]
↑ Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[200]
↑ "Archiv und Bibliothek des Hauses Hessen". Museum Schloss Fasanerie. Retrieved 23 May 2023.[201]
↑ Bryan Connon, Beverley Nichols : A Life, Timber Press, 2001, pp. 108-109
↑ Eleftherios Venizelos 1910-1927 in: imdb.com[retrieved 6 July 2016].[202]
↑ 'The First Olympics - Athens 1896 in: imdb.com[retrieved 6 July 2016][203]
↑ Greece Orders - Decorations - Medals in: Antiques Atoz [retrieved 6 July 2016].[204]
↑ Greece House of Oldenburg (Greek Orthodox) in: icocregister.org [retrieved 6 July 2016][205]

[1] Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[1]

[2] Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[2]

[3] On 21 June 1870 Madrid offered the Spanish throne to Leopold, Prince of Hohenzollern, a distant cousin of William I of Prussia. The Second French Empire immediately declared its opposition to the project and Prince Leopold eventually declined the offer. Bismarck, however, took this opportunity to force France to declare war on Prussia. Aware of the Prussian military superiority, the Chancellor was indeed convinced that they could defeat the French and in this way finished the Unification of Germany.[3]

[4] Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[4]

[5] Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[5]

[6] Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[6]

[7] "She [the Queen] is so nice to kiss you cannot think," Sophia said at age 11.

[8] Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[7]

[9] Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[8]

[10] Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[9]

[11] Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[10]

[12] Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[11]

[13] Mateos Sainz de Medrano, Ricardo (2004). La Familia de la Reina Sofía : La Dinastía griega, la Casa de Hannover y los reales primos de Europa (in Spanish). Madrid: La Esfera de los Libros. ISBN 84-9734-195-3.[12]

[14] Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[13]

[15] Driault, Édouard; Lhéritier, Michel (1926). Histoire diplomatique de la Grèce de 1821 à nos jours : La Grèce et la Grande Guerre - De la Révolution turque au traité de Lausanne (1908-1923) (in French). Vol. V. PUF.[14]

[16] Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[15]

[17] Mateos Sainz de Medrano, Ricardo (2004). La Familia de la Reina Sofía : La Dinastía griega, la Casa de Hannover y los reales primos de Europa (in Spanish). Madrid: La Esfera de los Libros. ISBN 84-9734-195-3.[16]

[18] Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[17]

[19] Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.

[20] Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[18]

[21] Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[19]

[22] In a letter to her mother Queen Victoria, the Dowager Empress wrote: "... my trio is now broken and I feel embittered." Empress Frederick and Frederick Ponsonby, Letters of the Empress Frederick, Kessinger ed, 2007, pp. 393-394

[23] Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[20]

[24] Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[21]

[25] The Lutheran service took place in the private Chapel of King George I while the Orthodox ceremony was celebrated in the new Metropolitan Cathedral of Athens.[22]

[26] Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[23]

[27] Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[24]

[28] Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[25]

[29] Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[26]

[30] This was also the assertion at the time of the French, Italian and Austrian newspapers.

[31] Driault, Édouard; Lhéritier, Michel (1926). Histoire diplomatique de la Grèce de 1821 à nos jours : La Grèce et la Grande Guerre - De la Révolution turque au traité de Lausanne (1908-1923) (in French). Vol. V. PUF.[27]

[32] Mateos Sainz de Medrano, Ricardo (2004). La Familia de la Reina Sofía : La Dinastía griega, la Casa de Hannover y los reales primos de Europa (in Spanish). Madrid: La Esfera de los Libros. ISBN 84-9734-195-3.[28]

[33] Mateos Sainz de Medrano, Ricardo (2004). La Familia de la Reina Sofía : La Dinastía griega, la Casa de Hannover y los reales primos de Europa (in Spanish). Madrid: La Esfera de los Libros. ISBN 84-9734-195-3.[29]

[34] Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[30]

[35] Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[31]

[36] The construction of the palace, led by architect Ernst Ziller, which it financed and completed around 1900. For more details, see:[32]

[37] Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[33]

[38] Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[34]

[39] The couple's income was fairly modest, but Sophia's marriage contract guaranteed a comfortable existence. The princess did receive from the Kingdom of Prussia a dowry of 50,000 marks and 150,000 marks of paraphernalia. Sophia had also inherited two million marks from her father Emperor Frederick III in 1888. Finally, Constantine received an annual income and King George I guaranteed a comfortable dower.[35]

[40] Bertin, Célia (1982). Marie Bonaparte (in French). Paris: Perrin. ISBN 226201602X.[36]

[41] Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[37]

[42] Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[38]

[43] Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[39]

[44] Sophia's conversion was probably motivated because she was obliged to do so under her new family's house law

[45] Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[40]

[46] Driault, Édouard; Lhéritier, Michel (1926). Histoire diplomatique de la Grèce de 1821 à nos jours : La Grèce et la Grande Guerre - De la Révolution turque au traité de Lausanne (1908-1923) (in French). Vol. V. PUF.[41]

[47] Driault, Édouard; Lhéritier, Michel (1926). Histoire diplomatique de la Grèce de 1821 à nos jours : La Grèce et la Grande Guerre - De la Révolution turque au traité de Lausanne (1908-1923) (in French). Vol. V. PUF.[42]

[48] Philip Carabott: Politics, Orthodoxy and the Language Question in Greece: The Gospel Riots of November 1901, Journal of Mediterranean Studies, nª 3, 1993, p. 125.

[49] Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[43]

[50] Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[44]

[51] Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[45]

[52] Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[46]

[53] Driault, Édouard; Lhéritier, Michel (1926). Histoire diplomatique de la Grèce de 1821 à nos jours : La Grèce et la Grande Guerre - De la Révolution turque au traité de Lausanne (1908-1923) (in French). Vol. V. PUF.[47]

[54] The Emperor and his wife considered that Sophia's conversion was responsible for the premature birth of their son Joachim; shortly after William II wrote to his mother that had the baby died, Sophia would have "murdered it."[48]

[55] Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[49]

[56] Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[50]

[57] Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[51]

[58] Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[52]

[59] At that time, the Cretans suffered a violent repression by the Ottoman power, prompting thousands of Cretans to leave their island to seek shelter in Athens. For details, see: Cretan Revolt (1897–1898)[53]

[60] Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[54]

[61] Mateos Sainz de Medrano, Ricardo (2004). La Familia de la Reina Sofía : La Dinastía griega, la Casa de Hannover y los reales primos de Europa (in Spanish). Madrid: La Esfera de los Libros. ISBN 84-9734-195-3.[55]

[62] Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[56]

[63] Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[57]

[64] Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[58]

[65] In addition to withdrawing their troops from Crete, Greece had to officially recognize the independence of the island, a condition that none of the other Great Powers suggested.[59]

[66] Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[60]

[67] Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[61]

[68] Driault, Édouard; Lhéritier, Michel (1926). Histoire diplomatique de la Grèce de 1821 à nos jours : La Grèce et la Grande Guerre - De la Révolution turque au traité de Lausanne (1908-1923) (in French). Vol. V. PUF.[62]

[69] Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[63]

[70] Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[64]

[71] Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[65]

[72] Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243 [66]

[73] Driault, Édouard; Lhéritier, Michel (1926). Histoire diplomatique de la Grèce de 1821 à nos jours : La Grèce et la Grande Guerre - De la Révolution turque au traité de Lausanne (1908-1923) (in French). Vol. V. PUF.[67]

[74] Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[68]

[75] Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[69]

[76] Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[70]

[77] Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[71]

[78] Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[72]

[79] Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471 [73]

[80] Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471 [74]

[81] Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[75]

[82] Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[76]

[83] Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[77]

[84] Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[78]

[85] Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[79]

[86] Bertin, Célia (1982). Marie Bonaparte (in French). Paris: Perrin. ISBN 226201602X.[80]

[87] Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243 [81]

[88] Driault, Édouard; Lhéritier, Michel (1926). Histoire diplomatique de la Grèce de 1821 à nos jours : La Grèce et la Grande Guerre - De la Révolution turque au traité de Lausanne (1908-1923) (in French). Vol. V. PUF.[82]

[89] Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471 [83]

[90] Terrades, Marc (2005). Le Drame de l'hellénisme : Ion Dragoumis (1878-1920) et la question nationale en Grèce au début du xxe siècle (in French). L'Harmattan. ISBN 2747577880.[84]

[91] When Prince George of Greece, Sophia's brother-in-law, was High Commissioner of the Cretan State, between 1905 and 1909, Venizelos fiercely opposed his policy and the Cretan leader acquired a strong anti-monarchical will. The officers of the League thus saw him as a natural and effective partner against King George I.[85]

[92] Vacalopoulos, Apostolos (1975). Histoire de la Grèce moderne (in French). Horvath. ISBN 2-7171-0057-1.[86]

[93] Vacalopoulos, Apostolos (1975). Histoire de la Grèce moderne (in French). Horvath. ISBN 2-7171-0057-1.[87]

[94] Clogg, Richard (1979). A Short History of Modern Greece. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521328373.[88]

[95] Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[89]

[96] Driault, Édouard; Lhéritier, Michel (1926). Histoire diplomatique de la Grèce de 1821 à nos jours : La Grèce et la Grande Guerre - De la Révolution turque au traité de Lausanne (1908-1923) (in French). Vol. V. PUF.[90]

[97] Clogg, Richard (1979). A Short History of Modern Greece. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521328373.[91]

[98] Vacalopoulos, Apostolos (1975). Histoire de la Grèce moderne (in French). Horvath. ISBN 2-7171-0057-1.[92]

[99] Vacalopoulos, Apostolos (1975). Histoire de la Grèce moderne (in French). Horvath. ISBN 2-7171-0057-1.[93]

[100] Vickers, Hugo (2000). Alice, Princess Andrew of Greece. Londres: Hamish Hamilton. ISBN 0-241-13686-5.[94]

[101] Vickers, Hugo (2000). Alice, Princess Andrew of Greece. Londres: Hamish Hamilton. ISBN 0-241-13686-5.[95]

[102] Captain Walter Christmas: King George of Greece, New York, New York, MacBride, Naste & Company, 1914, p. 368.

[103] Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[96]

[104] Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243 [97]

[105] Captain Walter Christmas: King George of Greece, New York, New York, MacBride, Naste & Company, 1914, p. 368.

[106] Alice and Sophia were first cousins once removed in descent from Queen Victoria; Alice's mother Princess Louis of Battenberg was, like Sophia, a granddaughter of Queen Victoria (through her second daughter, also named Alice).[98]

[107] Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[99]

[108] Vickers, Hugo (2000). Alice, Princess Andrew of Greece. Londres: Hamish Hamilton. ISBN 0-241-13686-5.[100]

[109] Vickers, Hugo (2000). Alice, Princess Andrew of Greece. Londres: Hamish Hamilton. ISBN 0-241-13686-5.[101]

[110] Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[102]

[111] Mateos Sainz de Medrano 2004, p. 82 and 212–214.[103]

[112] Mateos Sainz de Medrano, Ricardo (2004). La Familia de la Reina Sofía : La Dinastía griega, la Casa de Hannover y los reales primos de Europa (in Spanish). Madrid: La Esfera de los Libros. ISBN 84-9734-195-3.[104]

[113] Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[105]

[114] Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471 [106]

[115] Hugo Vickers, in his biography of Princess Alice of Battenberg, however, says that it was Princess Alice and Princes Andrew and George of Greece who gave Queen Olga the news of her husband's murder.[107]

[116] Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[108]

[117] In 1909, a fire destroyed a large part of the Royal Palace (now used by the Hellenic Parliament), with the result that the Crown Prince's Palace was used temporarily as the residence of the royal family. However, it wasn't until the ascension of Constantine I to the throne that the Palace became the main royal residence.[109]

[118] Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[110]

[119] Mateos Sainz de Medrano, Ricardo (2004). La Familia de la Reina Sofía : La Dinastía griega, la Casa de Hannover y los reales primos de Europa (in Spanish). Madrid: La Esfera de los Libros. ISBN 84-9734-195-3.[111]

[120] Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[112]

[121] Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[113]

[122] Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[114]

[123] Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[115]

[124] King Constantine I was the first-cousin of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia and King George V of the United Kingdom. As for Sophia, she was the sister of Emperor William II of Germany and cousin of the Tsarina Alexandra Feodorovna (Alix of Hesse) and King George V.[116]

[125] Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[117]

[126] Διβάνη, Λένα (2010). "Μακεδονία". H Εδαφική Ολοκλήρωση της Ελλάδας (1830-1947). Αθήνα: Εκδόσεις Καστανιώτη. ISBN 9789600329025 [118]

[127] "The surrender of Fort Roupel". www.roupel.com. Retrieved 29 September 2020.[119]

[128] Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[120]

[129] Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[121]

[130] Leon, G. B. (1974). Greece and the Great Powers 1914-17. Thessaloniki: Institute of Balkan Studies. OCLC 462815121

[131] Δέλτα, Πηνελόπη (2009). "Α' ΠΑΓΚΟΣΜΙΟΣ ΠΟΛΕΜΟΣ". Ελευθεριοσ ΒενιζελοσΣ: Ημερολογιο-Αναμνησεισ-Μαρρτυριεσ-Αλληλογραφια. Αθήνα: Εκδόσεις Ερμής. ISBN 9789603200345.[122]

[132] Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[123]

[133] Mateos Sainz de Medrano, Ricardo (2004). La Familia de la Reina Sofía : La Dinastía griega, la Casa de Hannover y los reales primos de Europa (in Spanish). Madrid: La Esfera de los Libros. ISBN 84-9734-195-3 [124]

[134] Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[125]

[135] Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[126]

[136] La France héroïque et ses alliés (in French). Vol. II. Larousse. 1919.

[137] It's said that since their marriage, Constantine and Sophia are regarded as toys of German politics by the French government.[127]

[138] Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[128]

[139] Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[129]

[140] Παπαρρηγόπουλος, Κωνσταντίνος (2008). "2-3". Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους, τόμος 15. Αθήνα: Εκδοτική Αθηνών. ISBN 9789602131114.[130]

[141] Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471 [131]

[142] During a visit of Prince Andrew of Greece to the Permanent Sub-Secretary at the Foreign Office, the latter said coldly: "What can we expect [from Greece] as your Queen is the sister of the Emperor?"[132]

[143] Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. ISBN 0750921471.[133]

[144] Gelardi, Julia P. (2005). Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312324243.[134]

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