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The Art of Painting

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The Art of Painting (Dutch: Allegorie op de schilderkunst), e e itsegeng gape jaaka The Allegory of Painting, kgotsa Painter in his Studio, ke Tempolete:Infobox Paintingsetshwantsho sa lekgolo la bo 17 la dingwaga se se takilweng ke motaki wa Mo-Dutch Johannes Vermeer. Ke ya Rephaboliki ya Austria mme e bontshiwa kwa Kunsthistorisches Museum kwa Vienna. [1]

Baitsehisitori ba le bantsi ba tsa botaki ba akanya gore ke setshwantsho sa go taka,[2] ke ka moo setshwantsho seno se nang le leina le lengwe. Tsela e e tlhamilweng ka yone le tsela e e dirilweng ka yone e dira gore e nne tiro e e raraaneng go di gaisa tsotlhe ya ga Vermeer. Morago ga setshwantsho sa ga Vermeer sa Christ in the House of Martha and Mary le The Procuress ke tiro ya gagwe e kgolo go di gaisa tsotlhe.

Setshwantsho seno se se supang gore motho o a itsietsa ke sengwe sa tse di itsegeng thata tsa ga Vermeer. Ka 1868 Thoré-Bürger, yo gompieno a itsegeng ka go ribolola tiro ya motaki Johannes Vermeer, o ne a tsaya setshwantsho seno e le se se kgatlhang thata. Svetlana Alpers o e tlhalosa jaaka e e kgethegileng le e e nang le maikaelelo;[3]: 119 Walter Liedtke "jaaka pontsho e e bonalang sentle ya maatla a motaki a go tlhama le go diragatsa, e e dirwang mo tiragalong e e ikakanyediwang ya studio ya gagwe ..."[4] Go ya ka Albert Blankert "Ga go na setshwantsho sepe se sengwe se se kopanyang ka tsela e e se nang selabe mokgwa wa tlholego, lefelo le le nang le lesedi le le phatsimang, le popego e e kopaneng ka tsela e e raraaneng". [5]

Tlhaloso[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

mokwalo wa gagwe

Setshwantsho seno se bontsha motaki a taka mosadi yo o apereng diaparo tse di pududu a itira e kete ke mmotlelara mo lefelong le a berekelang mo go lone. Motho yono o eme fa fensetereng mme go na le mmapa o mogolo wa Dinaga Tse di Kwa Tlase o leketlile mo loboteng kafa morago ga gagwe. E saenilwe kafa mojeng wa mosetsana "I [Oannes] Ver. Meer", mme ga e na letlha. Bontsi jwa bomankge ba akanya gore e ne ya dirwa ka nako nngwe magareng ga 1665/1668, mme bangwe ba akantsha gore tiro e ka nna ya bo e dirilwe morago ga 1670 - 1675.[6]

Ka 1663 Vermeer o ne a etetswe ke Balthasar de Monconys, mme o ne a sena setshwantsho se a neng a ka se bontsha, ka jalo gongwe o ne a se dira "gore a tle a nne le setshwantsho se se tlhomologileng sa botaki jwa gagwe mo lefelong la gagwe la botaki". [7]Go bonala sentle gore Vermeer o ne a rata setshwantsho seno; ga a ise a ko a se rekise fa a ne a sa ntse a tshela. Go ya ka Alpers "e ema jaaka mofuta wa tshobokanyo le tshekatsheko ya se se dirilweng".[8]: 122 [9]


Dikarolo

Vermeer's Art of Painting

Setshwantsho seno se na le batho ba le babedi fela, motaki le motho yo a mo takileng, mosadi yo matlho a gagwe a neng a lebile kwa tlase. Go ne go akanngwa gore motaki o ne a itiretse setshwantsho ka boene; Jean-Louis Vaudoyer o ne a akantsha gore lekgarebe leno e ka tswa e le morwadie.[10]: 172 Motaki o ntse fa pele ga setshwantsho se se mo godimo ga setulo sa bogosi, mo o ka bonang setshwantsho sa serwalo sa bogosi gone. O apere seaparo se sesweu se sentsho se se nang le dintlhana mo mangoleng le mo mokwatleng tse di bontshang hempe e e kafa tlase ga sone. O ne a apere marokgwe a makhutshwane a a raraaneng le dikausu tsa mmala wa namune, e leng seaparo se se jang madi a mantsi e bile se le mo fesheneng se gape se fitlhelwang mo ditirong tse dingwe tsa nako eo, jaaka mo setshwantshong se se itsegeng thata sa ga Rubens.

Letlape le setulo, tse ka bobedi jwa tsone e leng ditshiamelo tsa go itsetsepela, di tsenya motho yo o lebileng mo setshwantshong seno. Jaaka mo go The Allegory of Faith, o kgona go bona siling.

Bomankge ba tlhalosa gore dikarolo tse di farologaneng tsa setshwantsho seno di na le matshwao. Dingwe tsa dilo tse di neng di le mo tafoleng, e leng setshwantsho sa plaster, gongwe e le se se neng se emela kgang ya go ganetsana ka paragone,[11] go nna teng ga letsela, folio le letlalo mo tafoleng go ne ga amanngwa le matshwao a Liberal Arts. Tsela e a neng a bontsha ka yone fa fatshe ka dithaele tsa mmabole le ka lonaka lwa gouta lo lo phatsimang ke dikai tsa botswerere jwa ga Vermeer e bile di bontsha gore o ne a na le kitso ka pono ya dilo. Setshedi sengwe le sengwe se bontsha lesedi ka tsela e e farologaneng kgotsa se le monya ka tsela e e farologaneng, mme seno se dira gore go nne le diphelelo tse di molemo thata.

Mmapa o, o o kgatlhisang ka go supa lesedi mo go one, o bontsha Diporofense di le Lesomesupa tsa Netherlands, di bapile le dipono di le 20 tsa ditoropo tse di itsegeng tsa Dutch.[12] E ne ya gatisiwa ke Claes Janszoon Visscher ka 1636. Mmapa ono, mme o sena pono ya toropo ka fa molemeng le ka fa mojeng o ka bonwa mo ditshwantshong tsa ga Jacob Ochtervelt le Nicolaes Maes. Dimmapa tse di tshwanang di ne tsa fitlhelwa kwa Bibliothèque Nationale kwa Paris[13]: 120 le kwa Swedish Skokloster.[14]Kwa godimo mo molemeng wa mmapa go ka bonwa basadi ba le babedi; yo mongwe o tshotse sefapaano le dikhampase, fa yo mongwe a tshotse phalete, borashe, le pono ya toropo mo seatleng.[15]: 126

Ditshwantshiso le ditshwantsho

Leo Belgicus by Visscher (1611)[16]

Vermeer o ne a kgatlhegela go ithuta ka ditshwantsho. Go akanngwa gore motho yo go buiwang ka ene ke Fama, Pictura,[17]: 172 kgotsa Clio,[18] Muse wa Hisitori, yo o supilweng ke go bo a rwele mofapaano wa laurel, a tshwere terompeta, gongwe a tshotse buka ya ga Herodotus kgotsa Thucydides, e e tshwanang le tlhaloso e e mo bukeng ya lekgolo la bo 16 la dingwaga ya ga Cesare Ripa e e buang ka matshwao le batho e e bidiwang Iconologia.[19] Le fa go ntse jalo, go ya ka Ripa History e tshwanetse go leba kwa morago [20]mme e seng kwa tlase jaaka mo setshwantshong seno. Morago ga Gerard de Lairesse wa motlha wa ga Vermeer, yo o neng a kgatlhegela French Classicism le Ripa, go na le tlhaloso e nngwe; o umaka hisitori le poko jaaka metswedi e megolo ya motaki. [21] [22]Mosadi yo o apereng botala jwa loapi a ka tswa a emela poko,[23][24]: 175 a supa Plutarch yo o neng a re "Simonides o bitsa go taka go re ke poko e e didimetseng mme poko e re ke setshwantsho se se buang",[25] e moragonyana e neng ya tlhalosiwa ke mmoki wa Selatine e bong Horace e le ut pictura poesis. Fa e le gore go ntse jalo, mmapa o emela hisitori.

Ntsu ya ditlhogo tse pedi, e e tshwantshetsang Mmusomogolo o o Boitshepo wa Roma wa Ba-Habsburg, e go ka diregang gore e kgabisitse kandelare ya gouta e e fa gare, e ka tswa e tshwantshetsa babusi ba pele ba Dinaga Tse di Kwa Tlase. Mmapa o mogolo o o mo loboteng lo lo kwa morago o na le mokgokolosa o o bonalang sentle o o kgaoganyang Diporofense di le Lesome le Supa go nna bokone le borwa. (Bophirima bo kwa godimo mo mmapeng.[26] Mokgokolosa ono o ka tswa o tshwantshetsa go kgaoganngwa ga Repaboliki ya Dutch go nna diporofense tse di kwa bokone le tse di kwa borwa tse di neng di busiwa ke Ba-Habsburg. Mmapa o bontsha kgaogano ya sepolotiki ya pele magareng ga Union of Utrecht kwa bokone, le diporofense tse di ikanyegang kwa borwa. Tlhaloso eno e ka tswa e ile ya kgatlha Hitler yo e neng e le mong wa setshwantsho seno ka nako ya ntwa. [27]: 182 Go ya ka Liedtke tlhaloso ya sepolotiki ya mmepe le ntsu ya Habsburg ga e tlhatswe pelo; ba tlhokomologa maitlhomo a mangwe.[28]Mmapa o ka nna wa supa gore go penta go tlisitse botumo kwa Netherlands;[29] dikepe tse di tsamayang mo godimo ga diphatlha di supa seo.

The Painter's Studio ka Michiel van Musscher, 1679
Allegory of Painting ka Jacob Toorenvliet; Leiden Collection.



Dipone ka The art of painting

Lefelo le o tswang kwa go lone[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Setshwantsho seno se tsewa se le botlhokwa thata mo go Vermeer ka gonne ga a ka a se kgaogana le sone kgotsa go se rekisa, tota le fa a ne a na le sekoloto. Ka 24 Tlhakole 1676, motlholagadi wa gagwe Catharina o ne a e tlogelela mmaagwe, Maria Thins, ka maiteko a go tila go rekisa setshwantsho go kgotsofatsa batho ba ba neng ba mo kolota.[30]: 338 -339 Moatlhodi wa boswa jwa ga Vermeer, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, yo o neng a itsege ka go dirisa maekorosekopo wa kwa Delft, o ne a swetsa ka gore go fetisetsa tiro eno kwa go matsalaagwe motlhoki yo o tlhokafetseng go ne go sa dumelelwa ke molao, mme go ya ka John Michael Montias, e ne e le kgwebo e e sa tlwaelegang.[31]: 219, 229 Ka 15 Mopitlwe 1677 bontsi jwa ditshwantsho tsa gagwe bo ne jwa rekisiwa ka fantisi kwa Guild kwa Delft.[32]Ga go itsewe gore ke mang yo o rekileng The Art of Painting; gongwe e ne e le Jacob Dissius.[33]Ga go ka ke ga tlhomamisiwa ka tlhomamo gore a setshwantsho seno se kwadilwe mo thekisetsong ya Dissius ya 1696 e le "Setshwantsho sa ga Vermeer mo phaposing e e nang le dilwana tse di farologaneng". Setshwantsho seno e ne e le sa ga Gerard van Swieten, mme se ne sa tsena mo diatleng tsa Gottfried van Swieten.[34]Ka 1813, e ne ya rekwa ka di-guilder di le 50 ke Count Rudolf Czernin wa kwa Bohemia le Austria. E ne ya bontshiwa batho botlhe kwa Musiamong wa Czernin kwa Vienna

Go fitlha ka 1860, go ne go tsewa gore setshwantsho seno se takilwe ke mongwe wa batho ba ba neng ba tshela ka nako ya ga Vermeer, e bong Pieter de Hooch; mme Vermeer o ne a sa itsiwe go le kalo go fitlha kwa bofelong jwa lekgolo la bo19 la dingwaga. Tota le letshwao la ga Hooch le ne le le mo setshwantshong seo. E ne e le ka ntlha ya go tsereganya ga mokwalahisitori wa tsa botaki wa Mojeremane Gustav Friedrich Waagen fa e ne e lemogiwa e le setshwantsho sa ga Vermeer sa ntlhantlha. [35][36]

Kgatlhego ya Banasi

Setshwantso

Ka 1935, Jaromir Czernin o ne a leka go rekisetsa Andrew W. Mellon, mme puso ya Austria e ne ya thibela go romelwa ga setshwantsho seno kwa dinageng di sele. [37]Morago ga go gapiwa ga Austria, Philipp Reemtsma ka thuso ya Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring o ne a leka go reka setshwantsho seno. Go ne ga ganwa gore kgwebo e e diretsweng motho wa poraefete ke ya ngwao-boswa. [38]Kwa bofelong e ne ya rekwa ke Adolf Hitler gore e tsenngwe mo kokoanong ya Linzer Museum ka tlhotlhwa ya 1.82 million Reichsmark ka moemedi wa gagwe, Hans Posse ka 20 Ngwanatsele 1940.[39]Setshwantsho seno se ne sa namolwa mo moepong wa letswai gaufi le Altaussee kwa bokhutlong jwa Ntwa ya Lefatshe II ka 1945, koo se neng sa bolokiwa teng go tswa mo ditlhaselong tsa dibomo tsa Balekane, mmogo le ditiro tse dingwe tsa botaki. Setshwantsho seno se ne sa isiwa kwa Vienna go tswa kwa Munich ke Andrew Ritchie, yo e neng e le tlhogo ya thulaganyo ya Monuments, Fine Arts, and Archives (MFA&A) ya kwa Austria, yo o neng a se isa ka go itswalela ene le setshwantsho seno mo teng ga kompareitara ya terena. [40]

Maamerika a ne a neela puso ya Austria setshwantsho seno kwa bokhutlong jwa 1945 ka gonne go ne go akanngwa gore lelapa la ga Czernin le ne le se rekisitse ka boithaopo, ntle le go patelediwa ke Hitler. [41]Lelapa la ga Czernin le ne la leka makgetlo a le mmalwa go batla pusetso, mme nako le nako ba ne ba ganwa,[42] le fa seno se ne sa nna le seabe mo go tlhomamiseng gore Hitler o sule ka 1956.[43]Ka 1958, setshwantsho sa ga Vermeer sa The Art of Painting se ne sa fudusiwa go tswa mo boemong jwa nakwana go ya go nna sa leruri kwa Kunsthistorisches Museum kwa Vienna. [44] Molao wa 1998 wa pusetso, o o amanang le ditheo tsa setšhaba, o ne wa nonotsha maemo a semolao a lelapa, [45]fela kgetsi e ne ya ganwa gape ke puso ya Austria ka 2011. [46][47]

Metswedi[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

  1. ↑ "Die Malkunst". www.khm.at
  2. ↑ Wheelock, Arthur K. (1995). Vermeer & the Art of Painting. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 129. ISBN 0-300-06239-7. OCLC 31409512.[1]
  3. ↑ Alpers, Svetlana (1983). The Art of Describing : Dutch Art in the Seventeenth Century. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226015125.[2]
  4. ↑ Liedtke, Walter (2007). Dutch paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 893. ISBN 978-0-300-12028-8.[3]
  5. ↑ Blankert, A. (1978). Vermeer of Delft. Oxford: Phaidon. pp. 47–49.
  6. ↑ Stokstad, Marilyn (1995). Art History. New York, NY: Harry N. Abrams. pp. 797. ISBN 0810927764.[4]
  7. ↑ Liedtke, Walter A. (2001). Vermeer and the Delft school. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 396. ISBN 9780870999734.[5]
  8. ↑ Alpers, Svetlana (1983). The Art of Describing : Dutch Art in the Seventeenth Century. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226015125.[6]
  9. ↑ "Vermeer. The Art of Painting. Analysis of a Masterpiece". Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien.[7]
  10. ↑ Binstock, Benjamin (2013). Vermeer's Family Secrets: Genius, Discovery, and the Unknown Apprentice. New York: Routledge. ISBN 9781136087066[8]
  11. ↑ Janson, Jonathan. "The Art of Painting". Essential Vermeer.[9]
  12. ↑ Brussel, Luxemburg, Gent, Bergen (Henegouwen), Amsterdam, Namen, Leeuwarden, Utrecht, Zutphen, en het Hof van Holland in Den Haag; to the right Limburg, Nijmegen, Arras, Dordrecht, Middelburg, Antwerpen, Mechelen, Deventer, Groningen en het Hof van Brabant in Brussel.
  13. ↑ Alpers, Svetlana (1983). The Art of Describing : Dutch Art in the Seventeenth Century. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226015125.[10]
  14. ↑ Schilder, Günter. "Monumenta Cartographica Neerlandica I". Explokart Research Project. Universiteit Utrecht. Archived from the original on 12 September 2014.[11]
  15. ↑ Alpers, Svetlana (1983). The Art of Describing : Dutch Art in the Seventeenth Century. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226015125.[12]
  16. ↑ "Monumenta Cartographica Neerlandica Vol. VI". Archived from the original on 20 February 2011. Retrieved 4 July 2014.
  17. ↑ Binstock, Benjamin (2013). Vermeer's Family Secrets: Genius, Discovery, and the Unknown Apprentice. New York: Routledge. ISBN 9781136087066.[13]
  18. ↑ Neurdenburg, Elisabeth (1942). "Johannes Vermeer. Eenige opmerkingen naar aanleiding van de nieuwste studies over den Delftschen Schilder". Oud Holland - Quarterly for Dutch Art History (in Dutch). 59 (1): 65–73. doi:10.1163/187501742X00087.[14]
  19. ↑ Ripa, Caesar (1709). Iconologia, or, Moral emblems. London: Benj. Motte. p. 38.[15]
  20. ↑ Ripa, Cesare (1645). Iconologia di Cesare Ripa (in Italian). Venice: Christoforo Tomasini. p. 269.[16]
  21. ↑ Groot-Schilderboek. 1712. pp. 4, 6, 115, 121, 293.[17]
  22. ↑ Weber, Gregor J. M. (1991). Der Lobtopos des "lebenden" Bildes : Jan Vos und sein "Zeege der schilderkunst" von 1654 (in German). Hildesheim: G. Olms. p. 61. ISBN 3-487-09604-8.[18]
  23. ↑ Ripa, Cesare (14 May 1645). "Iconologia di Cesare Ripa ...: Divisa in tre libri, ne i quali si esprimono varie imagini di virtù, vitij, affetti, passioni humane, arti, discipline, humori, elementi, corpi celesti, prouincie d'Italia, fiumi, & altre materie infinite vtili ad orgni stato de persone". presso Cristoforo Tomasini – via Google Books.[19]
  24. ↑ Binstock, Benjamin (2013). Vermeer's Family Secrets: Genius, Discovery, and the Unknown Apprentice. New York: Routledge. ISBN 9781136087066.[20]
  25. ↑ Plutarch, De gloria Atheniensium 3.346f, cited by [21]
  26. ↑ "Vermeer: The Art of Painting, Art and History". National Gallery of Art. Archived from the original on 18 May 2016.[22]
  27. ↑ Binstock, Benjamin (2013). Vermeer's Family Secrets: Genius, Discovery, and the Unknown Apprentice. New York: Routledge. ISBN 9781136087066.[23]
  28. ↑ Liedtke, Walter A. (2001). Vermeer and the Delft school. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 396. ISBN 9780870999734.[24]
  29. ↑ Liedtke, Walter A. (2001). Vermeer and the Delft school. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 396. ISBN 9780870999734.[25]
  30. ↑ Montias, John Michael (1989). Vermeer and His Milieu: A Web of Social History. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691002897.[26]
  31. ↑ Montias, John Michael (1989). Vermeer and His Milieu: A Web of Social History. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691002897.[27]
  32. ↑ Janson, Jonathan. "Johannes Vermeer: Provenance". Essential Vermeer.[28]
  33. ↑ "Besitzfolgen" [Ownership]. Kunst & Politik (in German).[29]
  34. ↑ "Vermeer: The Art of Painting, The Painting's Afterlife". National Gallery of Art. Archived from the original on 18 May 2016
  35. ↑ Waagen, G. F. (1862). Handbuch der Deutschen und Niederländischen Malerschulen, Bd II. Stuttgart. p. 110.
  36. ↑ "Vergessenheit und Wiederentdeckung" [Forgetting and Rediscovery]. Kunst & Politik (in German)[30]
  37. ↑ Schoenberg, E. Randol (17 March 2011). "Will Austria part with Hitler's Vermeer?". Jewish Journal.[31]
  38. ↑ "Interessenten für das Bild" [Interest in the Picture]. Kunst & Politik (in German).[32]
  39. ↑ "Vermeer: The Art of Painting, The Painting's Afterlife". National Gallery of Art. Archived from the original on 18 May 2016.[33]
  40. ↑ Spirydowicz, K. (2010). "Rescuing Europe's Cultural Heritage: The Role of the Allied Monuments Officers in World War II". In Rush, L. (ed.). Archaeology, Cultural Property, and the Military. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. pp. 15–27. ISBN 9781843835394.[34]
  41. ↑ "On the current state of the discussion of the provenance of Vermeer's "The Art of Painting"". Kunsthistorisches Museum. Retrieved 10 May 2022.[35]
  42. ↑ "Vermeer: The Art of Painting, The Painting's Afterlife". National Gallery of Art. Archived from the original on 18 May 2016.[36]
  43. ↑ Joachimsthaler, Anton (1999) [1995]. The Last Days of Hitler: The Legends, The Evidence, The Truth. Translated by Helmut Bölger. London: Brockhampton Press. pp. 9–11. ISBN 978-1-86019-902-8.[37]
  44. ↑ "Vermeer: The Art of Painting, The Painting's Afterlife". National Gallery of Art. Archived from the original on 18 May 2016
  45. ↑ "Vermeer: The Art of Painting, The Painting's Afterlife". National Gallery of Art. Archived from the original on 18 May 2016.[38]
  46. ↑ Hinckley, Catherine (18 March 2011). "Austrian Panel Rejects Claim for Vermeer Bought by Hitler". Bloomberg.[39]
  47. ↑ Lindsay, Ivan (13 November 2014). "From Napoleon to the Nazis: the 10 most notorious looted artworks". The Guardian.[40]
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