Tucker Act
Tucker Act ke molao wa semmuso wa United States o ka one puso ya United States e tlogetseng go nna le tshwanelo ya go sirelediwa mo dikgotlatshekelong dingwe. Molao wa Tucker o ka kgaoganngwa ka "Big" Tucker Act, e e dirisiwang mo dikgopelong tse di fetang $10,000 mme e neela United States Court of Federal Claims taolo, le "Little" Tucker Act (28 U.S.C. § 1346), e e neelang kgotlatshekelo ya Federal Claims le Dikgotlatshekelo tsa Kgaolo taolo e e tshwanang "go busetsa lekgetho la lotseno la ka fa gare le go tweng le ne le le phoso kgotsa le ne le sa lekanyediwa kgotsa le ne le kokoanetswe, kgotsa kotlhao nngwe le nngwe e go tweng e ne e kokoanetswe kwa ntle ga taolo kgotsa madi mangwe le mangwe a go tweng a ne a le kwa godimo kgotsa a ne a kokoanetswe ka tsela nngwe e e seng ka fa molaong go ya ka melao ya lotseno la ka fa gare", le dikopo tse di ka fa tlase ga $10,000.[1]
Ditatofatso tse di letleletsweng[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Dikgetsi di ka nna tsa tsoga ka ntlha ya ditumalano tse di tlhamaletseng kana tse di sa tlhamalalang tse puso e neng e le karolo ya tsone. Ditshenyegelo tsa ditshenyegelo di ka nna tsa duelwa kgotsa tsa se ka tsa duelwa. Dikgetsi di ka tlisiwa ka ntlha ya ditleleimi tsa Molaotheo, segolobogolo go tseelwa dithoto ke puso gore di duelwe go ya ka Molaotheo wa Bolesome. Batho ba ba amegang ba ka nna ba dira kopo ya gore ba busediwe lekgetho le ba le duetseng. Dikgetsi tse di sa akarediweng ka tlhamalalo ke tse mo go tsone kopo e theilweng mo go direng phoso ga puso.
Molao wa Tucker o ne o naya kgotlatshekelo ya dikopo taolo ya dikopo tsa madi a a tswang mo dikonterakeng tsa puso ka ntlha ya go tlola, le ka ntlha ya thuso e e tswang mo dikonterakeng tseo ka mokgwa wa go baakanya dilo ka tsela e e lekalekanang. Ditleleimi kgatlhanong le puso ka ntlha ya go roba konteraka ga di senye tshireletso ya puso, ka jalo puso ga e ka ke ya pegwa molato ka ntlha ya go palelwa ke go obamela ditlamego tsa konteraka ka ntlha ya go diragatsa ditiro tsa yona jaaka mmusi: "ditlhaka tse pedi tse puso e nang natso jaaka rakonteraka le jaaka mmusi ga di ka ke tsa ... tlhakatlhakanngwa". [2]
Mo boemong jwa go dira ka tlhamalalo kgatlhanong le United States go ya ka Tucker Act, Kgotlatshekelo ya Makgaolakgang, mo kgetsing ya Burr v. FHA,[3] e boletse gore Khonkerese e ka rulaganya "go sekisa le go sekisiwa" ditheo; ditheo tse di jalo di ka sekisiwa kwa kgotlatshekelo nngwe le nngwe ya taolo e e nang le bokgoni jaaka e kete ke motlhotlhomisi wa poraefete, fa fela setheo se tshwanetse go duela katlholo go tswa mo tekanyetsokabong ya sone, e seng go tswa kwa U.S. Matlotlo. Gore a mokgatlho oo kana Treasury e tla duela go ikaegile ka maikaelelo a Kongerese.
Molao wa Tucker ka boone ga o dire ditshwanelo dipe tsa botlhokwa, mme o tshwanetse go kopanngwa le molao wa "tlamelo ya madi" o o letlelelang tuelo ya madi, go ya ka tshwetso ya Kgotlatshekelo ya Makgaolakgang mo United States v. Tlhatlhobo.[4]
Wunderlich Act
Mo United States v. Wunderlich (1951), Kgotlatshekelo ya Makgaolakgang e ne ya atlhola gore mekgatlho ya dithendara e ne e ka thibela go tlhatlhobiwa ga ditshwetso tsa bone tse di amanang le dikgotlhang tsa konteraka (ntle le mo dikgannyeng tsa tsietso) ka go batla gore rakonteraka a dumalane le diteng tsa konteraka tse di dirang gore ditshwetso tsa boto ya mekgatlho ya dithendara e nne tsa makgaolakgang ka ntlha ya boammaaruri le molao. Diphelelo tseno di ne tsa se ka tsa amogelwa ke Kongerese, e e neng ya tlhoma Molao wa Wunderlich go fetola tshwetso eo. Go ya ka molao ono, ditshwetso tsa lekgotla di ne di ka se ka tsa tsewa jaaka tsa makgaolakgang mo dikgannyeng tsa molao, mme diphitlhelelo di ne di ka dirwa tsa makgaolakgang mo dikgannyeng tsa boammaaruri fa fela di tshegediwa ke bosupi jo bo utlwalang mme e seng ka tsela ya boitaolo kana e e sa iketlang, jj., mme ka jalo molao o ne wa busetsa seabe se se botlhokwa sa Kgotlatshekelo ya Dikopo.
Go ya ka Molao wa Wunderlich, kwa tshimologong Kgotlatshekelo ya Ditleleimi e ne ya amogela bosupi jo bongwe mo godimo ga jo bo neng bo le mo rekotong ya boto, go tlhomamisa gore a diphitlhelelo tsa boto di ne di tshegediwa ke bosupi jo bo botlhokwa ka go sekaseka diphitlhelelo kgatlhanong le bosupi jwa rekoto le jo bo neng bo sa tswa go tsewa. Mo United States v. Carlo Bianchi & Co.[5]ka 1963, Kgotlatshekelo ya Makgaolakgang e ne ya tlhalosa Molao wa Wunderlich go lekanyetsa Kgotlatshekelo ya Ditleleimi go dira fela tiro ya boikuelo mo mabakeng a dikgotlhang. Kgotlatshekelo e ne e ka nna ya romela bosupi jo bongwe kwa lekgotleng leno, fa go tlhokega, mme e ne e ka se ka ya tsaya bosupi bope ka boyone, le gone go dira dipatlisiso dipe tsa boammaaruri.
Kgotlatshekelo ya Dikopo ka nako eo, kwa ntle ga baatlhodi ba Article III, e ne e akaretsa batho ba le mmalwa ba ba neng ba bidiwa "bakomisinara" mo melaong; moragonyana ba ne ba bidiwa "baatlhodi ba tsheko" mme, mmogo, "karolo ya tsheko" ya kgotlatshekelo. Tshwetso ya ga Bianchi e ne e lebega e tlosa tiro epe ya batlhankedi bano e ba neng ba tshwanetse go e dira mo dikgannyeng tse dintsi tsa dikgotlhang tsa konteraka, ka gonne ba ne ba tsaya bosupi le go batlisisa dintlha. Le fa go ntse jalo, baatlhodi ba ne ba sa batle go ba tlogela ka gonne ba ne ba lemoga gore ba na le mosola, mme go ne ga bonwa tsela ya go ba dirisa. Melawana e ne ya fetolwa fela mo dikgannyeng tsa ga Wunderlich, Ct. Cl. Molawana wa bo163 (b),[6]go tlamela gore mo mabakeng a a ntseng jalo maphata ka bobedi a tshwanetse go tsenya dikopo tsa katlholo ya tshobokanyo, dikopo tse di neng tsa romelwa go bomakomišenara go ya go dira dikakantsho kgotsa dikatlanegiso. Bianchi o ne a dira tshwetso ya gore go ne go se na mabaka a a neng a dira gore a sekisiwe. Gantsi bomankge bano ba ne ba sekaseka direkoto, ba amogela makwalo, le go reetsa dikganetsano tsa molomo. Mo dikgannyeng tse dingwe kwantle ga tsa Wunderlich, dikopo tse di kopang katlholo ya ka bonako di ne di isiwa kwa baatlhoding ba Article III kwantle ga go nna le seabe ga bakomišenara. Mo dikgannyeng tsa ga Wunderlich, dikakantsho tse di neng di akantshiwa ke mokomishinara di ne tsa sekasekiwa ke baatlhodi ba Article III, go ikaegilwe ka mabaka a a sa tlwaelegang, mabaka a a builweng ka molomo le makwalo a masha, ntle le fa go dumalanwe ka one ke matlhakore oomabedi.
Histori[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Molao ono o ne wa tewa leina go ya ka Congressman John Randolph Tucker, wa kwa Virginia, yo o neng a o tsenya mo boemong jwa dikgato tse dingwe tse nnè tse di neng di ganetsana ka ditatofatso tsa puso tse di neng di sekasekwa ke Komiti ya Boatlhodi ya Ntlo.
Metswedi[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
- ↑ "Litigation Against the Government". Federal Practice Manual for Legal Aid Attorneys. Sargent Shriver National Center on Poverty Law. Retrieved 2016-10-31.[1]
- ↑ Sanford, E. T., Horowitz v. United States/Opinion of the Court, United States Supreme Court, 267 US 458 (1925), accessed 1 August 2023, citing Jones v. United States, 1 Ct. Cl. 383, 384, and also Deming v. United States, 1 Ct. Cl. 190, 191 and Wilson v. United States, 11 Ct. Cl. 513, 520
- ↑ Burr v. FHA, 309 U.S. 242 (1940)[2]
- ↑ United States v. Testan, 424 U.S. 392 (1976)[3]
- ↑ United States v. Bianchi & Co. 373 U.S. 709 (1963)[4]
- ↑ Rules of the United States Court of Claims, 1969 ed., p. 93