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Phatlalatso ya metsi le kgopo leswe kwa Zimbabwe

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Phatlalatso ya metsi le kgopo leswe kwa Zimbabwe di tlhalosiwa ka botlalo ke dithulaganyo tse dintsi tse dinnye tse di atlegileng, mme gape ka go tlhoka mafaratlhatlha a metsi le kgopo leswe a a tokafaditsweng mo lefatsheng leo. Go ya ka World Health Organization ka ngwaga wa 2012, 80% ya batho ba lefatshe la Zimbabwe ba kgona go bona metsi a a phepa ebile a babalesegile go nowa, fa 40% fela e le yone e e kgonang go bona ditirelo tse di tokafaditsweng tsa kgopo leswe.[1] Kgonagalo ya go bona metsi a a tokafaditsweng le kgopo leswe kwa magaeng e kwa tlase thata.[2] Go na le dilo di le dintsi tse di supang ka fa phatlalatso ya metsi le kgopo leswe di tla nnang ka teng mo isagong kwa Zimbabwe. Mabaka a magolo a mararo ke go tlhoka go itsetsepela ga itsholelo ya Zimbabwe, keletso ya go aga le go ntshetsa madi diporejekete tsa dikago ke makgotla a a tswang kwa ntle, ga mmogo le seemo sa go tlhomama kgotsa go tlhoka go tlhomama ga sepolotiki kwa lefatsheng la Zimbabwe.[2][3]

Ditso

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Ka nako ya fa lefatshe la Zimbabwe le neng le tsaya boipuso ka ngwaga wa 1980, le ne la ja boswa jwa dikago tsa mafaratlhatlha a phatlalatso ya metsi le kgopo leswe a a sa tlhabololwang, mme a bereka botoka.[2] [3]Diemo ka dingwaga tsa 1980 le 1990 di ne di eme mehama ya metsi le kgopo leswe kwa Zimbabwe sentle ka ntlha ya kemo nokeng ya puso e e neng e tsena ga mmogo le peeletso go tswa kwa mafatsheng a mangwe. Kemo nokeng e e ne ya tswelela le mo thulaganyong ya Integrated Rural water Supply and Sanitation Programme (IRWSSP) ka 1985. IRWSSP e ne ya dira maiteko a go nisa ditirelo tsa metsi le kgopo leswe tse di tokafaditsweng kwa bathong ba Zimbabwe ba ba agileng kwa magaeng ka ngwaga wa 2005.[4] Le fa IRWSSP e ne ya seka ya fitlhelela maikano a o, e ne e solegela batho ba koo molemo, go ya ka African Development Bank, e ne e le nngwe ya phatlalatso ya metsi le kgopo leswe e e kwa godimo mo dingwageng tsa 1980 go tsena 2000.[5] Le fa go ntse jalo, morago ga dingwaga tse di sekete, itsholelo ya Zimbabwe e ile kwa tlase le babeeletsi ba madi ba dule kwa lefatsheng leo.[6] Bontlha bongwe jwa se ke ka ntlha ya sepolotiki, bogolo jang ka nako ya diphetogo tsa lefatshe, tse di diragaditsweng ke puso ya tautona Robert Mugabe.[7] Fa godimo ga foo,palo ya batho kwa Zimbabwe e ntse e golela kwa pele mo dingwageng tse di masome a mararo tse di fitileng, ka jalo go na le letlhoko la go tlhabolola le go fetola dikago tsa metsi le kgopo leswe mo Zimbabwe ka bophara.[3] Kwelo tlase ya mehama ya phatlalatso ya metsi le kgopo leswe e ne ya itshupa kwa Zimbabwe ka ngwaga wa 2008 go tsena ka 2009, fa Zimbabwe e ne e itemogela go tlhagoga ga bolwetsi jwa kholera ebatho ba le dikete di le lekgolo ba neng ba tsenwa ke bolwetse mme ba le dikete di le nne ba ne ba latlhegelwa ke botshelo.[2][8]

Tshoboko ya mohama

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Lefelo

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Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le dikaganyeditswe ke mafatshe a mangwe, ka jalo metswedi ya lone ya metsi ke dinoka, melapo le majwana. Dinoka tse dikgolo kwa Zimbabwe ke noka ya Zambezi kwa bokone le ya Limpopo kwa borwa. Dinoka tse dingwe tse di elelang go kgabaganya Zimbabwe ke Save, Manyae le Sanyati. Noka e tona kwa Zimbabwe ke ya Kariba e e kwa molelwaneng wa Zambia.[6] Go na le maje a a ntshang metsi a le mmalwa kwa Zimbabwe.

Mafaratlhatlha a setegeniki

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Kwa ditoropong tsa kwa Zimbabwe, bontsi jwa metsi bo tswa mo dimpompong. Kwa magaeng, batho ba lefatshe la Zimbabwe ba ikaegile ka didiba tse di tsayang metsi kwa tlase ga lefatshe.[5] Go agiwa ga didiba di le dintsi go ne go dirwa ka madi a tsone didiba. Tlhabologo ya maphata a a ikemetseng ka nosi ke sekai se supang gore mananeo a metsi a mo gae a kgona go fitlhelela dipalo tsa batho tse dintsi.[9] Batho ba Zimbabwe ba le bantsi ba santse ba itlhomela kwa ntle, bogolo jang kwa magaeng.[10] Le fa go ntse jalo, kwa ditoropong tse ditona jaaka Harare, go na le magokaganyane a kgopo leswe, gape malwapa a le mantsi kwa Zimbabwe ka bophara a na le matlo a boithomelo mo malwapeng kgotsa a a tlhakanetsweng ke setshaba.[4]

Phatlalatso ya metsi le kgopo leswe kwa Zimbabwe
A group of women and children at a borehole in Norton, Zimbabwe

Ka ngwaga wa 2018, go ne ga supiwa fa mathata a a neng a tlhagoga kwa Morton Jeffray Waterworks kwa Harare a ne a baka go tlhagoga ga bolwetse jwa cholera.[11]

Mananeo a masha a a solofetsang a setegeniki a tlhabolotse phatlalatso ya metsi le boleng jwa one kwa Zimbabwe.Sekai, Zimbabwean Bush pump e supilwe e le setegeniki se se godisitseng kgonagalo ya go bona metsi a a phepa mo lefatsheng ka bophara.

Dikgang tsa mo bosheng

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Go ya ka UNICEF, dikago tsa metsi kwa Zimbabwe di feta 60% kwa magaeng, di mo seemong se se sekakeng sa baakangwa,[10] mme ka jalo didiba di tletse metsi a a sa siamelang go nowa aa tlhokang go tlhatswiwa. Le kwa ditoropong, metsi a dimpompo a nna fela a kgala ebile ka dinako tse dingwe a se phepa. Bontlha bongwe jwa se bo bakiwa ke go tlhoka kgopo leswe le kwa go latlhelwang matlakala teng, mme se se bake kgotlhelesego.[3] Go na gape le tlhaelo ya matlo a boithomelo a mo gae le a a tlhakanetsweng.[4] Bothata bo bongwe bo bo bakiwang ke go tokafatsa le go atolosa magokaganyane a phatlalatso metsi le kgopo leswe (didiba, dipompo le matlo a boithomelo le tse dingwe) ke botlhokwa jwa go ruta batho ba lefatshe la Zimbabwe ka ditshono tse di leng teng go tlhabolola kgonagalo ya go bona metsi le kgopo leswe. Ka nako ya tlhagogo ya bolwetse jwa cholera ya ngwaga wa 2008 go tsena ka 2009, dipego go tswa kwa pusong ya Zimbabwe ka tshireletsego ya metsi a a leng teng di ne di sa tlhaloganngwe sentle.[4]

Tshoboko ya metheo

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Phatlalatso ya metsi le kgopo leswe kwa Zimbabwe
Kariba dam as seen from Zimbabwe.

Phatlhalatso ya metsi le kgopo leswe kwa Zimbabwe di okametswe ke maphata a puso a a farologaneng. Makgotla a a laolang metswedi le didirisiwa tsa metsi tsotlhe ke a National Action Committee (NAC) le Ministry of Water Resources Development and Management (MoWRDM).[2] Ditlhopha tse di tlhokometse tirisano mmogo le WASH, e e leng bokopano jwa makgotla a bopelotlhomogi (NGO's), UNICEF le ditlhopa tse di ikemetseng ka nosi, e modulasetilo wa yone e leng Ministry wa Health and Child welfare, gape le ntsha madi le bo le aga magokaganyane a kgopo leswe le phatlalatso ya metsi ka tsholofelo ya go fitlhelela seelo sa UN Millennium Development Goal.[12] fa godimo ga foo, NAC le MoWRDM di okametse Zimbabwe National Water Authority (ZINWA) e e itebagantseng le go isa metsi kwa madirelong, tsa temothuo le makalana a a ikemetseng. ZINWA e kgaogantswe ka mafelo a a farologaneng a metsi a dutlelang mo go one. ZINWA e okametse matamo a le makgolo a mabedi le botlhano kwa Zimbabwe.[5] NAC le yone e kgaogantswe ka makgotlana a le mabedi, Rural Water Supply and Santitation Committee le Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Committee tse di dirwang ka maphata a ga goromente a a farologaneng ebile e le one a a dirang maano le go aga dikago tsa phatlalatso metsi le kgopo leswe kwa magaeng le kwa ditoropong.[2] Phatlhalatso ya metsi mo gae e okametswe ke makgotla a puso a mo gae le ZINWA.

Tirisanommogo le makgotla a a kwa ntle

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Babusi ba puso go tswa kwa ntle le makgotla a a ikemetseng a bereka ka thata go tlhabolola phatlalatso ya metsi le kgopo leswe kwa Zimbabwe ka diporojekete tse dipotlana e tse ditona. Fa godimo ga go tsaya karolo, makgotla a a thusa maiteko a mangwe ka madi. Makgotla a a akaretsa World Bank, African Development Bank (AfDB) le German Government e ka lekgotla la yone la setegeiko la Deutsche fur Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) e abileng 6 million dollars go tlhabolola phatlalatso ya metsi le kgopo leswe kwa ditoropong tsa Gweru, Kadoma le Kariba. Puso ya Australia e ntshitse 10 million US Dollars go tlhabolola le go batlisisa ka phatlalatso ya metsi le kgopo leswe.[5]

Mohama wa WASH

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UNICEF e okamatse dithulaganyo di le mmalwa ka tshwaragano le thulaganyo ya WASH go tokafatsa mafaratlhatlha a metsi le kgopo leswe. Tse di akaretsa go tokafatsa mafaratlhatlha a kgopo leswe kwa ditoropong tsa Masvingo, Plumtree le Zvishavane le go etelelapele porojekete ya di didolara di le 30million ya go phatlalatsa metsi a a nowang le go tokafatsa kgopo leswe mo bathong ba Zimbabwe ba le dikete di le makgolo a matlhano. UNICEF le WASH ba bereka go nosa batho ba Zimbabwe ba le di milione di le pedi le boraro metsi le kgopo leswe ba ba senang dilo tseo mo bo gompienong.[10]

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Dinoka di le dintsi le macha kwa Zimbabwe a kgotlhelesegile ka ntlha ya meepo, madirelo, le temothuo e e sa iketlang ga mmogo le melao e e sa obamelweng ya kgotlhelo. Se se bakile gore go nwa le go tlhapa mo dinokeng tse go seka ga babalesega.[13][14] Metsi a dinoka di le mmalwa tse di raletseng ditshimo tsa Marange kwa botlhaba jwa Zimbabwe a kgotlhelesegile mo a bolaileng diruiwa tse di neng di a a nwa mme a ntsha batho ba ba tlhapang ka one boswata.[15] Lefelo le lengwe la Zimbabwe le le nang le metsi a a kgotlhelesegileng ke la Harare le ditoropo tse di mabapi. Se ke ka ntlha ya bontsi jwa batho ba ba nnang kwa Harare, mafaratlhatlha a a onetseng a kgopo leswe le tsamaiso e e sa tlhamalalang ya makgotla a puso a a neetsweng tiro ya go diragatsa melao ya boleng jwa metsi. [16]

Metswedi

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  1. ↑ "Exposure Data by Country." World Health Organization. Retrieved October 19, 2014.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 "Water Supply and Sanitation in Zimbabwe." AMCOW. Collaboratively published report circa 2010.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 "Troubled Water Burst Pipes, Contaminated Wells, and Open Defecation in Zimbabwe's Capital." Human Rights Watch. Independently published report, 2o13, U.S.A..
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 "The Zimbabwe Experience, Lessons From a Review of 15 Years of the Zimbabwe integrated Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Program." Water and Sanitation Program. Published May 2002.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 "Water Resource Management, Supply, and Sanitation Zimbabwe Report." African Development Bank Group. Accessed September 7, 2014.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "AQUASTAT - FAO's Information System on Water and Agriculture". Archived from the original on 22 December 2011.
  7. ↑ "Zimbabwe profile." BBC. Accessed November 1, 2014.
  8. ↑ "Zimbabwe cholera 'to top 100,000'". BBC News. 26 May 2009. Retrieved 19 October 2014.
  9. ↑ Olschewski, Andre (2016), Supported Self-supply – learning from 15 years of experiences (PDF), 7th RWSN Forum “Water for Everyone”, 7ème Forum RWSN « L'eau pour tous », 29 Nov - 02 Dec 2016, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 "Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene." UNICEF. Accessed September 7, 2014.
  11. ↑ Makoni, Munyaradzi (29 September 2018). "Inside Zimbabwe's efforts to tame cholera". Lancet. Retrieved 8 November 2018.
  12. ↑ Wash coalition overview wsscc.org [d
  13. ↑ Musapindira, Mlambo. "Zimbabwe's river system heavily polluted." The Standard. Published April 7, 2013.
  14. ↑ Gogo, Jeffrey. "Water Pollution Major Problem." The Herald. Published May 19, 2014.
  15. ↑ Mambondiyani, Andrew. "The Pollution Fallout From Zimbabwe's Blood Diamonds." Yale University. May 24, 2012.
  16. ↑ Nhapi, Innocent. "The water situation in Harare, Zimbabwe: a policy and management problem." Water Policy 11. Published 2009.
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