Metsi le leswe la go tlosa leswe mo Afrika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara

Matlakala a a mo tseleng kwa Ghana

Le fa go nna le phatlalatso ya metsi le kgopo ya metsi a a leswe mo Aferika yo o ko borwa jwa Sahara go oketsegile mo dingwageng tse pedi tse di fetileng, kgaolô e santse e saletse ko morago ka ditlhbololô mo dikgaolong tsotlhê. phitlhelelo ya metsi a a phepa e oketsegile go tswa ko go 49% mo ngwgwng ya 1990 go ya go 68% mo ngwgweng ya 2015 fa tiro ya kgopo leswe e oketsegile go tswa mo go selekanyong sa 28% go ya go 31% ka yone nako eo fela. sekaka sa borwa jwa Aforika ga se fitlhelele tebelopele.

Ka tlwaelo, metsi a tlamelwa ke ditirelo mo mafelong a ditoropokgolo le bommasepala kgotsa ditlhopha tsa setšhaba mo mafelong a selegae. Dithulaganyo tsa go tsamaisa leswe ga di a tlwaelega mme go phepafatsa metsi a a leswe ga go a tlwaelega. Go tlosa leswe gantsi go dirwa ka mokgwa wa ntlwana ya boithomelo ya motho a le mongwe kgotsa ntlwana ya boitapoloso e e kopanetsweng. 70% ya dipeeletso tsa metsi le go tlosa leswe mo Afrika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara di duelelwa ka madi mo teng mme 30% fela e duelelwa ka fa ntle (palogare ya 2001). Bontsi jwa madi a a tshegediwang ka fa gare ke a a itshepang a ntlo ($2.1bn), a a diretsweng go tlosa leswe mo lefelong le le jaaka matlwana a boithomelo. Thuso ya madi ya lefapha la puso ($1.2bn) e batlile e le kwa godimo go tshwana le thuso ya madi a dinaga di sele (US$1.4bn). Thuso ya madi a kgwebo ya poraefete e ne e le e e sa tseweng tsia ka $10 milione fela.

Mmapa wa Afrika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara.

Go tsena

Ditsela tse di tlwaelegileng

Go tokafatsa kabo ya metsi le leswe, mo dinageng di le 7 tsa Sub-Saharan, go tloga ka 1990 go fitlha ka 2008. Motswedi: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (2010)

Mo Afrika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara, go fitlhelela metsi le leswe le le phepa go tokafaditswe, mme kgaolo eno e kwa morago ga dikgaolo tse dingwe tsotlhe tse di tlhabologang: go fitlhelela metsi a a phepa a a nowang go oketsegile go tswa go 49% ka 1990 go ya go 60% ka 2008, fa ka nako e e tshwanang go fitlhelela leswe le leswe go tokafaditsweng go tlhatlogile go tswa go 28% go ya go 31%. Afrika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara ga e a ka ya fitlhelela Millennium Development Goals ya go fokotsa palo ya baagi ka halofo fa ba sa kgone go bona metsi a a phepa a a nowang le leswe fa gare ga 1990 le 2015. Ditsela tseno tsa kabo ya metsi le tsa leswe di bonala ka tlhamalalo mo boitekanelong: dintsho tsa bana ba ba ka fa tlase ga dingwaga di le tlhano di fokotsegile thata mo lefatsheng lotlhe, mme Afrika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara e bontshitse kgatelopele e e bonya thata. Maikaelelo a masha a a beilweng ka fa tlase ga Maikaelelo a Tlhabololo e e Tswelelang, go farologana le MDGs, a tla bo a na le metsi a a nowang le leswe le le begilweng ka go farologana ke gore, maikaelelo a go bona metsi a a babalesegileng le a a sa tureng (maikaelelo 6.1) le leswe la boitekanelo le boitekanelo (maikaelelo a 6.2). SDGs gape di akareditse go bega ka boitekanelo, jo bo neng bo seyo mo MDGs.

Dipharologano tsa Bosetšhaba

Go na le dipharologano tse dikgolo magareng ga dinaga tse di mo kgaolong ya Sub-Saharan. Go fitlhelela metsi a a phepa a a nowang go farologana go tswa go 38% kwa Ethiopia go ya go 91% kwa Aforika Borwa, fa go fitlhelela metsi a go phepa go farologana le 11% kwa Burkina Faso go ya go 77% kwa Aforiki Borwa. Seemo sa Ivory Coast se botoka thata, ka go tokafadiwa ga motswedi wa metsi a a nowang ka 82%

Go farologana ga ditoropokgolo le metseselegae

Mo kgaolong yotlhe e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara, metsi le kgeleloleswe mo ditoropong di batla di menagane gabedi go feta kwa metseselegaeng, e ka tswa e le metsi (83% mo ditoropong, 47% mo metseselegaeng) kgotsa kgeleloleswe (44% fa e bapisiwa le 24%). Le fa go ntse jalo, mafelo a magae a tokafala ka lobelo lo logolo, fa mo ditoropong go atolosa mafaratlhatlha a metsi le a kgeleloleswe go sa kgone go tsamaisana le koketsego e kgolo ya baagi ba ditoropo.

Ditlhaloso tse di farologaneng tsa go tsena

Ela tlhoko gore dikgopolo tsa 'go fitlhelela' le 'go tokafatsa' ga di a belaetsa. Ditlhaloso tse di dirisiwang ke WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation ga di tsamaisane le tsa dipatlisiso tse dingwe kgotsa melao ya bosetšhaba. Ka sekai, puso ya Burkina Faso e tsaya tsia dintlha tse di jaaka nako ya go leta le boleng jwa metsi. Tota e bile, mo e ka nnang halofo ya malapa a a kwa borwa jwa Sahara a go ya ka WHO/UNICEF 'a nang le metsi a a tokafaditsweng', a fetsa nako e e fetang halofo ya ura ka letsatsi a kgobokanya metsi. Le fa go latlhegelwa ke nako go umakiwa mo pegong ya WHO/UNICEF, ga go ame pharologano ya 'go tokafadiwa' le 'go sa tokafadiwa'.

Batho ba ba amegang mo go tlameleng metsi le go tlosa leswe

Fa e sale ka dingwaga tsa bo 1990 mo e ka nnang dinaga tsotlhê tsa Aforika di ntse di kgaoganya maatla a tsonê a sepolotiki go tswa mo bogareng go ya kwa dipusong tsa selegae: kwa Mali e simolotsê ka ngwaga wa 1993, kwa Ethiopia ka ngwaga wa 1995, kwa Rwanda ka ngwaga wa 2002, fa kwa Burkina Faso ka ngwaga wa 2004.. .. . Mo tsamaisong ya go kgaoganngwa ga dinaga, go dirilwe diphêtogo mo lefapheng la metsi le la leswê. Dikago tsa dithêo tsa metsi le tsa leswê tsê di tswang mo go one di farologana go ralala kontinente. Go na le dipharologano tse pedi tse di tlwaêlêgileng tsê di ka dirwang.

Pharologanô ya ntlha e tshwanêtse go dirwa magareng ga maikarabêlô a metsi le a go tlosa leswê mo mafelong a (i) a ditorôpôkgolo le (ii) a selegaê. Bontsi jwa dipusô di simolotse ditirêlo tsa kompone tsa metsi le tsa leswê mo mafelong a ditorôpôkgolo. Mo mafelong a selegaê maikarabêlô gantsi a mo diatleng tsa mmasepala, ditlhopha tsa setšhaba, kgotsa dikhampani tsa poraefete tsa selegaê. Tiro ya puso ya bogare ka kakarêtso e lekanyeditswe go tlhoma mekgêlê ya bosetšhaba le melawana ya kabo ya metsi le leswê.

Pharologano ya bobedi, malebana le mafelo a ditorôpôkgolo, e teng fa gare ga dinaga (bontsi jwa tsone di bua Sefora) tse di sa ntseng di na le tiriso e le nngwe ya bosetšhaba e e dirang mo mafelong otlhe a ditorôpông tsa naga, le dinaga tse dingwe (bontši jwa tsone di buang Seêsêmane) tsê di tswelêdisitsêng tiriso go ya melelwane ya selegaê.

Mafelo a ditoropokgolo

Go nna le seabe ga lefapha la poraefete mo ditirelong tsa metsi tsa Sub-Saharan. Pampiri ya 12 ya AICD

Mo dingwagêng tsê di masome a mabedi tse di fetileng, tsamaisô ya metsi a ditorôpôkgolo le kgôpô leswe le ile ya bêwa mo diatlêng tsa ditirêlo tsê di sa tswang go tlhamiwa bošheng. Mo mabakêng a mangwe, didirisiwa tsêno tsa mêtsi le tsa go tlosa leswê le tsonê di tlamêla ka motlakase. Bontsi jwa ditirêlo tsêno ke tsa khampani, se se rayang gore di êtsa khampani ê e ikêmêtseng ka nosi go ya ka ntshodikuno le go ikêmêla ka nosi ka madi. Le fa go ntse jalo, di farologana thata ka maêmo a semolao le popêgo ya bêng.

Go ne go na le tsholofelo ya gore, ka go dira dikgwebo tse di ikemetseng tsa ditirelo, kgwebo ya bone e ne e tla kgona go tswelela pele mo kgwebong le go ngoka madi a a rileng. Mo e ka nnang sephatlo sa dinaga tse di kwa borwa jwa Sahara di ile tsa leka go dirisa mofuta mongwe wa go nna le seabe ga lekala la poraefete mo lephateng la ditirelo tsa botlhe fa e sa le go tloga mo masimologong a bo1990, mme seo se ne sa engwa nokeng thata ke Banka ya Lefatshe. Maitemogelo a a dirilweng ka dikonteraka tseno tsa lekala la poraefete ga a dumalane. Le fa gone di ne di sa kgone go gapa madi a mantsi a a tswang kwa bathong ba ba ikemetseng, dingwe tsa tsone di ne tsa tokafatsa tsela e di neng di dira dilo ka yone. Le fa go ntse jalo, mo e ka nnang nngwetharong ya bone ba ile ba fedisiwa pele ga nako e ba neng ba ikaeletse go e fetsa ka yone, jaaka kwa Dar es-Salaam kwa Tanzania. Tse dingwe ga di a ka tsa ntšhwafadiwa.

Today nearly half of the utilities are public enterprises and majority-owned by the central government. Senegal is an example where private involvement was successful: the affermage (leasing) of the network to a private operator has considerably increased efficiency and contributed to increase access. Senegal also received external funding for its water treatment and distribution network, namely a €64.5 million loan from the European Investment Bank combined with a €5.55 million European Union grant to the Republic of Senegal in 2023. The funding aims to provide drinking water to Saint-Louis inhabitants, reservoir units, and the enlargement of its distribution network, which is crucial to avoid the relocation of inhabitants due to lack of water. The €5.55 million European Union fund, mobilized as part of Team Europe by the European Investment Bank, will assist Senegal's water utility in accelerating its 35000 subsidised drinking water connections for 350 000 consumers across the nation. Besides Senegal, private operators still have a role in South Africa (four utilities), Cameroon, Cape Verde, Ivory Coast, Gabon, Ghana, Mozambique, Niger and Uganda (in small towns). In Uganda and Burkina Faso public national utilities were strengthened through short-term public-private partnerships in the form of performance-based service contracts.

Ditirelo ga di ke di fitlha mo malapeng otlhe mo lefelong la bone. Palo ya malapa a a sa amaneng mo ditoropong e fetofetoga go tswa go 80% mo dinageng tse di humanegileng jaaka Uganda, Mozambique, Rwanda, Nigeria, le Madagascar, go ya go 21% kwa Namibia le 12% kwa Aforika Borwa.

Dithêo dingwe tsa ditirêlo tsa Aforika di na le maikarabêlô a mêtsi fela, fa tsê dingwe le tsonê di na le taolo ya leswê. Ditheo dingwe tsa mêtsi tsa bosetšhaba, bogolo jang mo Afrika e go buiwang Sefora mo go yonê, le tsonê di tlamêla ka motlakase. Go ntse jalo kwa Gabon, Mauritania le Rwanda, gareng ga tse dingwe.

Go ne go solofetswe gore, ka go dira dikgwebo tse di ikemetseng tsa ditirelo, kgwebo ya bone e ne e tla kgona go tswelela pele ka kgwebo le go dira madi a a rileng. Mo e ka nnang sephatlo sa dinaga tse di kwa borwa jwa Sahara di lekile go dirisa mofuta mongwe wa go nna le seabe ga lekala la poraefete mo lephateng la ditirelo tsa botlhe fa e sale go tloga mo masimologong a bo1990, mme seo se ne sa engwa nokeng thata ke Banka ya Lefatshe. Ditiragalo tse di neng tsa dirwa ke dikonteraka tsa lekala la poraefete di ne di sa dumalane. Le fa gone di ne di sa kgone go bona madi a mantsi mo bathong ba ba ikemetseng, dingwe tsa tsone di ne tsa tokafatsa tsela e di dirang dilo ka yone. Le fa go ntse jalo, mo e ka nnang nngwetharong ya tsone e ne ya nyelediwa pele ga nako e e neng e beilwe ya gore e fedisiwe, jaaka kwa Dar es Salaam kwa Tanzania. Tse dingwe ga di a ka tsa ntshwafadiwa.

Maikarabelo a go tlamela ka metsi le kgeleloleswe mo mafelong a magae mo dinageng di le dintsi a ne a tlogelelwa bommasepala: ba tlhomamisa ditlhokego tsa metsi le kgeleloleswe le go rulaganya mafaratlhatlha, go dumalana le melao ya bosetšhaba ya metsi. Dipuso tse di farologaneng tsa bogareng di dirile letlole la setšhaba la loago (le le tshegediwang ke baabi) le bommasepala ba ka dirisang madi mo go lone go duelela mafaratlhatlha a metsi le kgeleloleswe kwa magaeng. Le fa ka tlwaelo diporofense e le tsone di nang le mafaratlhatlha, ga se gantsi di na le seabe mo go neeleng tirelo eno. Seno go na le moo se abelwa mekgatlho e e eteletsweng pele ke setšhaba kgotsa dikhampani tsa poraefete tsa mo lefelong leo. Dipatlisiso tse di dirilweng ke Banka ya Lefatshe le ba bangwe di bontsha gore go tlhokega gore go tlhomiwe tlhokomelo e e oketsegileng mo go direng gore batho ba ba ikemetseng ba kgone go tlamela batho ka metsi mo metseng yotlhe.

Kwa Kenya, Tanzania le Aforika Borwa, ditirelo tsa ditirelo le tsone di tlamela baagi ba kwa magaeng, le fa seno se sa thibele go nna teng ga dithulaganyo tse di farologaneng tsa kwa magaeng mo dinageng tseo. Kwa Rwanda, badiri ba ba ikemetseng ka nosi ba tlwaelegile mo mafelong a selegae. Bontsi jwa dinaga mo kgaolong eno di tsaya karolo e kgolo mo go ageng mafaratlhatlha (bontsi jwa one e le mabolokelo). Dinaga tse dingwe di leka ditsela tse di farologaneng, tse di jaaka go ikgotsofatsa ka metsi le leswe la leswe, koo bontsi jwa ditshenyegelo tsa peeletso tsa ditsamaiso tse di motlhofo di tsolwang ke badirisi. Self-supply jaanong ke karolo ya National Policies kwa Ethiopia mme e ile ya dirisiwa ka selekanyo kwa Zimbabwe mo nakong e e fetileng.

Boleng jwa tirelo

Sekao sa ntlha sa boleng jwa ditirelo tsa metsi ke go tswelela ga tirelo. Ditirelo tsa ditoropokgolo di tsamaisa ditirelo tse di tswelelang kwa Burkina Faso, Senegal le Aforika Borwa, mme di a kgaotsa kwa Ethiopia le Zambia. Mo mafelong a selegae, go tswelela go supiwa ke selekanyo sa dintlha tsa metsi tse di sa laolesegeng, kgotsa ka palogare ya nako ka ngwaga kgotsa ka kgwedi e ntlha ya metsi e sa kgoneng go dirisiwa. Mo dinageng tse di nang le lotseno lo lo kwa tlase tsa Sub-Saharan, se se supang gore, go feta nngwetharong ya mafaratlhatlha a metsi a kwa magaeng ga a tlhole a dirisiwa. [citation needed]

Sekao sa bobedi sa boleng ke go latela melao ya metsi a a nang le ditshedi tse dinnyennye. WHO/UNESCO e sa tswa go tlhama mokgwa wa go tlhatlhoba ka bonako boleng jwa metsi a a nowang (RADWQ). Ka kakaretso, mo dinageng tse di tlhabologang, go latela melao e e laolang go batlile go nna 90% mo metsing a diphaepe, le magareng ga 40% le 70% mo metsweding e mengwe e e tokafaditsweng. Ga go na tshedimosetso ya bosetšhaba kgotsa ya kgaolo e e gatisitsweng.

Dikarolo tsa madi

Ditlhotlhwa le ditshenyegelo

Ditlhotlhwa tsa metsi tsa semmuso le tse di seng tsa semmuso mo ditoropong di le 6 tsa Sub-Saharan. World Bank WSS survey database

Go na le tlhwatlhwa e e kwa tlase thata ya ditirelo tsa metsi le tsa kgeleloleswe kwa Afrika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara. Matswela a ntlha ke gore ditshenyegelo ga di busediwe kwa morago ka mo go lekaneng, mme seo se dira gore batho ba nne ba ikaegile ka thuso ya dinaga di sele le ka madi a puso, le gore go se ka ga dirwa dipeeletso tse di lekaneng. Sa bobedi, go duedisa batho madi a a kwa tlase ga a tlhokege ga go a siama mo setšhabeng. E re ka ditlhopha tse di humanegileng thata tsa batho di sa kgone go dirisa metsi a a phepa le go tsamaisa leswe sentle, di tshwanetse go dirisa ditsela tse dingwe mme ka dinako tse dingwe di duela madi a a fetang a a tlwaelegileng. Ka jalo, batho ba ba humanegileng thata ba amiwa ka ditsela tse pedi: ga ba kgone go bona metsi a a phepa a a lekaneng le go nna le mafelo a mantle a go phepafatsa, mme ba tshwanetse go duela madi a mantsi.