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Namibia

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Lefatshe la Namibia[1][2] le le tlhomamisitsweng semmuso ka leina la Republic of Namibia, ke lefatshe le le kwa bophirima jwa borwa jwa Aforika. Melelwane ya lone e akaretsa lewatle la Atlantic kwa bophirima, lefatshe la Angola le la Zambia kwa bokone, la Botswana kwa botlhaba le Aforika Borwa kwa borwa; kwa bokone-botlhaba lefatshe la Zimbabwe le mo lotshitshing lwa noka ya Kazungula gaufi le Kazungula, Zambia, dimithara di ka nna makgolo a mabedi. Toropokgolo ya Namibia ke Windhoek.

Lefatshe la Namibia ke lefatshe le le omeletseng go fetisa a mangwe mo sub-Saharan Africa,[3] le sale le nna le baagi pele ga metlha ya rona ba ditso tsa Khoi, San, Damara le Nama. Batho bantsho ba gorogile ka nako ya go tshaba ga batho bantsho. Go tswa ka ngwaga wa 1600 batho ba lotso lwa Ovambo ba ne ba simolola magosi a tshwana le Ondonga le Oukwanyama.[4]

Ka ngwaga wa 1884, bogosi jwa kwa Germany jwa etelela pele bontsi jwa kgaolo e, ka go simolodisa kolone e e itsegeng jaaka German South West Africa. Go tswa ka ngwaga wa 1904 go tsena ka ya 1908, masole a Germany a ne a tlhabantsha batho ba merafe ya Herero le Nama, mme se sa tswelela go fitlhela e nna kganyaolo ya ntlha mo makgolong a o a dingwaga. Puso ya Germany e ne ya fela ka nako ya ntwa ya ntlha ya lefatshe, ba fenngwa ke masole a Aforika Borwa ka ngwaga wa1915. Ka ngwaga wa 2021, Batho ba Germany le ba Namibia ba ne ba nna le tumalano ya go agisana, ba lemoga bosetlhogo jwa nako ya puso ya Germany.[5] Ka ngwaga wa 1920, morago ga ntwa, lekgotla la League of Nations le ne la neela Aforika Borwa tsamaiso ya kolone e. Go tswa ka ngwaga wa 1948, phathi ya polotiki ya National party e ne ya tlhophiwa go busa, se se ne se akaretsa puso ya tlhaolele ya lefatshe la Aforika Borwa kwa go neng go itsege jaaka South West Africa ka nako eo.

Fa dingwaga di ntse di tsweletse, go batla kemedi ya sepolotiki go ne ga felela go baka ketelelo pele ya United Nations mo kgaolong e ka ngwaga wa 1966, mme Aforika Borwa e na ya tswelela pele ka go laola go fitlhela ka ngwaga wa 1973, fa UN e ne e lemoga South West Africa People's Organisation (SWAPO) e le yone moemedi o o tlhomamisitsweng wa lefatshe la Namibia. Lefatshe la Namibia le tsere boipuso go tswa mo Aforika Borwa ka ngwaga wa 1990, Mopitlo a le malatsi a le masome a mabedi le bongwe, morago ga ntwa ya molelwane wa Aforika Borwa. Le fa gontse jalo, Walvis Bay le Penguin Islands di ne tsa sala ka fa tlase ga taolo ya Aforika Borwa go fitlheela ka ngwaga wa 1994.

Lefatshe la Namibia le na le puso ya batho-ka-batho e e itshetletseng. Mehama ya Temo-thuo, bojanala le meepo ya diteemane, uranium, gauta, selefera le ditshipi tsa tlholego, ke tsone boremelelo lwa itsholelo ya lefatshe le, fa go mohama wa go dira ka diatla o le mmotlana. Le ntswa go na le kgolo ya poelo ya thekiso fa e sale le tsaya boipuso,[6] lehuma le tlhoka tekatekano di a bonala mo lefatsheng. 40.9% ya batho ba itemogela lehuma,[7] fa batho ba feta dikete tsa makgolo a mane ba nna mo matlong a e seng a sennela ruri.[8] Pharologanyo ya dikamogelo tsa batho ba lefatshe le ke nngwe ya tse di kwa godimo thata mo lefatsheng ka bophara.[9]

Namibia ke lengwe la mafatshe a a senang baagi ba bantsi ka palo ya di milione di le tharo le bongwe tsa batho. Fa e sale ka phelelo ya ntwa ya Amerika le Soviet Union, le itemogetse paloe ntsi ya batho ba ba neng ba fudugela mo go lone go tswa Germany, Angola le Zimbabwe.[10]

Lefatshe la Namibia ke leloko la United Nations, Southern African Development Community, African union le Commonwealth of Nations.

Ditso

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Tlholego

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Leina la lefatshe le le tswa mo leineng la sekaka sa Namib, se e leng sone sekaka se segologolo go fetisa tse dingwe lefatshe ka bophara.[11] Lefoko Namib le tswa mo puong ya morafe wa Nama, le raya 'lefelo le legolo'. Leina le le tlhophilwe ke Mburumba Kerina, o pele a neng a kgatlhegetse leina la Republic of Namib.[12] Pele ga lefatshe la Namibia le tsaya boipuso ka ngwaga wa 1990, kgaolo e o e ne e itsewe pele e le German South-West Africa, le supa go busiwa ke lefatshe la Germanyle la Aforika Borwa ka go latelana.

Pele ga puso ya mafatshe a mangwe

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Lefatshe la komelelo la Namibia, le sale le nna le banni pele ga metlha ya rona, le nniwa ke batho ba merafe ya San, Damara le Nama. Dingwaga tse di dikete, batho ba Khoisan ba kwa borwa jwa Aforika ba ne ba tshela botshelo jwa go kgarakgatshega, ba Khoikhoi ba tshela ka go disa a ba San e ne e le batsumi-bakgobokanyi. Batho bantsho ba ne ba simolola go fudugela mo lefatsheng le go tswa kwa legareng la Aforika.[13]

Go tswa ka century ya bo lesome le boferabobedi go ya kwa pele, batho ba Oorlam go tswa kwa koloneng ya Kapa ba ne ba tlola noka ya Orange ba fudugela mo lefelong le gompieno e leng borwa jwa Namibia.[14] Mo bokopanong jwa bone le batho ba morafe wa Nama go ne ga nna kagiso. Ba ne ba amogela barongwa ba ba neng ba tla le batho ba Oorlam sentle,[15] ba ba neela tetla ya go dirisa didiba le go hudisa diruiwa tsa bone ba ba duedisa ka ngwaga. Mo tseleng ya bone go kwa bokone, batho ba Oorlam ba ne ba kopana le merafe e mengwe ya OvaHerero kwa Windhoek, Gobabis le Okahandja ba ba neng ba ganana le go tsenelela ga bone. Ntwa gareng ga batho ba Herero le nama e ne ya simolola ka ngwaga wa 1880,mme ya ema fela morago ga masole a kwa Germany a goroga.[16]

Metswedi

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  1. ↑ Wells, John C. (2008), Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.), Longman, ISBN 978-1405881180
  2. ↑ Roach, Peter (2011), Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (18th ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0521152532
  3. ↑ Peter Shadbolt (24 October 2012). "Namibia country profile: moving on from a difficult past". CNN. Archived from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 19 February 2025
  4. ↑ Williams, Frieda-Nela (1991). Precolonial Communities of Southwestern Africa: A history of Owambo Kingdoms 1600-1920 (PDF). National Archives of Namibia. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 March 2024. Retrieved 19 February 2025.
  5. ↑ Rogers, Thomas (9 March 2023). "The Long Shadow of German Colonialism". The New York Review of Books. Vol. 70, no. 4. ISSN 0028-7504. Retrieved 19 February 2025.
  6. ↑ "World Bank Open Data". World Bank Open Data. Archived from the original on 3 April 2024. Retrieved 19 February 2025.
  7. ↑ "Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports. 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 19 February 2025.
  8. ↑ "Namibia's ghetto life: Half million live in shacks countrywide – The Namibian". 12 March 2021. Archived from the original on 12 March 2021. Retrieved 19 February 2025.
  9. ↑ "World Bank Open Data". World Bank Open Data. Archived from the original on 3 April 2024. Retrieved 19 February 2025.
  10. ↑ "Migration to Namibia 1990-2017". Worldmapper. Retrieved 19 February 2025.
  11. ↑ Spriggs, A. (2001)."Africa: Namibia". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund.
  12. ↑ "The Man Who Named Namibia- Mburumba Kerina". The Namibian. Archived from the original on 15 June 2021. Retrieved 19 February 2025.
  13. ↑ Belda, Pascal (May 2007). Namibia. MTH Multimedia S.L. ISBN 978-84-935202-1-2. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 19 February 2025.
  14. ↑ Dierks, Klaus. "Biographies of Namibian Personalities, A". Archived from the original on 15 October 2008. Retrieved 19 February 2025.
  15. ↑ Dierks, Klaus. "Warmbad becomes two hundred years". Klausdierks.com. Archived from the original on 21 August 2019. Retrieved 19 February 2025.
  16. ↑ Vedder 1997, p. 659.
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