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Botswana

Lefatshe ja Botswana (Setswana)
Republic of Botswana (Sekgoa)
Flag of Botswana
Folaga
Coat of arms of Botswana
Sekano sa setshaba
Motto: Pula
Mošate
and largest city
Gaborone
24°39.5′S 25°54.5′E / 24.6583°S 25.9083°E / -24.6583; 25.9083
Diteme tsa semmusôSekgoa[1]
National languageSetswana[1]
Merafe ya Batho
(2012[2])
Sedumedi
Demonym(s)
  • Batswana
  • Motswana
GovernmentUnitary dominant-party parliamentary republic with an executive presidency[4][5]
 President
Mokgweetsi Masisi[6]
Slumber Tsogwane
Phandu Skelemani
LegislatureNational Assembly
Independence 
 Established (Constitution)
30 Lwêtse 1966
Fatshe
 Total
581,730 km2 (224,610 sq mi)[7] (47th)
 Water (%)
2.7
Batho
 2021 estimate
2,588,423[8][9] (145th)
 2022 census
2,346,179[10]
 Bokete
4.1/km2 (10.6/sq mi) (231st)
GDP (PPP)2022 estimate
 Total
$43.474 billion[11] (120)
 Per capita
$19,287[11] (99)
GDP (nominal)2022 estimate
 Total
$16.948 billion[11] (120)
 Per capita
$7,519[12] (101)
Gini (2015)Positive decrease 53.3[13]
high
HDI (2019)Increase 0.735[14]
high · 100th
MadiPula (BWP)
Time zoneUTC+2 (Central Africa Time[15])
Date formatyyyy-mm-dd
dd/mm/yyyya
Driving sideleft
Calling code+267
Internet TLD.bw

Lefatshe la Botswana le kwa borwa jwa Aforika, ke lefatshe le le dikaganyeditsweng ke a mangwe, ka jalo ga le a bapa le lewatle. Botswana e sephaphathi go ya ka lefatshe, ka bokana ka 70% ya kgaolo ya yone e le karolo ya Sekaka sa Kalahari. Pele ga le tsaya boipusô ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e tlhôla malatsi ale masome a mararo ka ngwaga wa 1966 ko go Enyelane, le ne le bidiwa Bechuanaland. Lefatshe la Botswana le dikaganyeditswe ke la Aforika Borwa kwa borwa-botlhaba go fitlha kwa borwa-bophirima, Namibia kwa bophirima, Zambia kwa bokône le Zimbabwe kwa bokône-botlhaba. Ka palo ya batho e sa fetang didikadike di le 2.4 go sekae,e bile le ka lekanngwa le lefatshe le Fora ka bophara, Botswana ke nngwe ya mafatshe a a nang le batho ba le mmalwa thata mo lefatsheng.Ke puso-setšhaba ya batho ba Batswana, ba ba bopang mo e ka nnang 80% ya baagi. Lefatshe lê lê bidiwa Botswana, le rêêlelwa ka banni ba bantsi ba lône eleng Batswana ka letsô.

Setlhopha sa morafe wa BaTswana se tswa thata mo bathong ba ba buang Se-Bantu ba ba neng ba fudugela kwa borwa jwa Aforika, go akaretsa le Botswana wa segompieno, ka makhubu a le mmalwa pele ga AD 600. Ka 1885, Maesemane a ne a dira lefelo leno kolone mme a itsise gore ke lefelo le le sirelediwang le le bidiwang Bechuanaland. Jaaka karolo ya go tlosa bokolone mo Aforika, Bechuanaland e ne ya nna rephaboliki e e ikemetseng ya Mafatshe a Selekane ka fa tlase ga leina la yone la ga jaana ka Lwetse a le masome mararo ka 1966. Fa e sa le ka nako eo, e nnile rephaboliki ya palamente e e nang le rekoto e e tlhomameng ya ditlhopho tsa batho ka batho tse di sa kgaotseng, le fa e ne di sekametse ka fa go Botswana Democratic Party go fitlha ka 2024. E sale ka 2024, Botswana ke lone lefatshe le tshenyetso setshaba e leng kwa tlase mo go lone mo nagengkgolo ya Aforika go ya ka Corruptions Perceptions Index e e gatisitsweng ke Transparency International.

Itsholelo ya Botswana ka kakaretso e itemogetse kgolo e e tsepameng fa e sale e tsaya boipuso. E laolwa ke bojanala le meepo; Lefatshe la Botswana le ntsha diteemane tse dintsi go gaisa mafatshe ape fela. Letseno lotlhe lwa yone lwa bosetšhaba ka tlhogo (tekatekano ya maatla a go reka) lo lo ka nnang $20,158 go tloga ka 2024 (ka diphopholetso dingwe ke lwa bone ka bogolo mo Aforika) lo naya lefatshe leno maemo a a kwa godimo a botshelo le Human Development Index ya bobedi e e kwa godimo ya kontinente ya Aforika e e kwa Borwa jwa Sahara, morago ga Aforika Borwa. Le fa go ntse jalo, Botswana o tsweletse ka go lwantshana le dipalo tse di kwa godimo tsa letlhoko la ditiro. Lefatshe la Botswana ke leloko la Southern African Customs Union, Southern African Development Community, Mafatshe a Selekane le Lekgotla la Ditshaba.

Pina ya setshaba ya Botswana ke fatshe lêno la rona, ê e tlhamilwêng ke Rre K T Motsete. Madi a a dirisiwang kwa Botswana ke Pula.

Botswana ke lefatshe lê lê farologanyeng le mafatshe a mangwê mo Aforika. Morago ga pusô ya Enyelane, Botswana o ne a tsaya boipusô ka di-30 tsa Lwetse 1966. Morago ga boipusô, lefatshe ja Botswana le ne la dirisanya mmôgô le pusô ya Enyelane go itlhabolola. Babusi ba Botswana ka nakô êo ba ne ba leka ka bojotlhê go ntsha Botswana mo tlalêng. Tomokoraga e nê ya busa lefatshe jêno e êtêlêtswe pele ke Serêtsê Khama, tautona wa ntlha wa Botswana.

Gompiêno Botswana ke lengwe la mafatshe a a tlhabologang ka bofêfo mô lefatshing ka bophara. Ntswa mafatshe a mangwê mo Aforika a tshwênngwa ke tlala le tsê dingwe jaaka dintwa le tsiêtsôsetshaba, Botswana e sa e kgôna go fênya mmaba mô e bileng e bilêng sekai mo Aforika.

Tlhamo ya lefoko

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Leina la lefatshe le le kaya "Lefatshe la Motswana", go kaya morafe o o leng montsi mo Botswana.[16] Molaomotheo wa Botswana o amogela puso ya Tswana e e tshwanang.[17] Leina la demonym la Batswana le ne le dirisiwa mo Batswaneng kwa tshimologong,[18] mme gape le simolotse go dirisiwa ka kakaretso jaaka lereo la baagi botlhe ba Botswana.[19] Ka Setswana, Batswana ka thutapuo ke bontsi; sebopego sa yone sa bongwe, se se ka rayang leloko le le lengwe la Motswana kgotsa moagi a le mongwe fela wa Botswana, ke Motswana.

Pele ga ditso

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Go fopholediwa gore di-hominid di ne di nna mo Botswana ka nako ya Pleistocene.[20] Didiriswa tsa matlapa le masalela a diphologolo di supa gore mafelo otlhe a lefatshe a ne a agilwe bonnye dingwaga di le dikete tse makgolo a mane tse di fetileng.[21]

Setshwantsho sa 'Ditshukudu Tse Pedi' kwa Tsodilo, lefelo la UNESCO la ditso

Go ne go bolelwa fa e le lefelo la botsalo jwa batho botlhe ba segompieno go tswa dingwaga di ka nna dikete tse makgolo a mabedi tse di fetileng.[22][23][24] Bosupi jo bo tlogetsweng ke batho ba segompieno, jaaka ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo logageng, bo na le dingwaga di ka nna dikete tse masome a supa le boraro.[25] Baagi ba ntlha ba ba itsegeng ba borwa jwa Aforika go akanngwa gore e ne e le bagolwagolwane ba batho ba gompieno ba San ("Bushmen") le ba Khoi. Ditlhopha tseno ka bobedi di bua dipuo tsa click go tswa mo malwapeng a mannye a dipuo tsa Khoe-Kwadi, Kx’a le Tuu tse maloko a tsone a neng a tsoma, a phutha le go gweba mo dikgaolong tse di telele. Fa dikgomo di ne di tsenngwa la ntlha mo borwa jwa Aforika dingwaga di ka nna dikete tse padi tse di fetileng, bodisa bo ne jwa nna karolo e kgolo ya itsholelo ka kgaolo e ne e na le mabala a magolo a bojang a a senang dintsi tsa tsetse.[26]

Lebota la matlapa la Domboshaba la boraro
Sejana se se neng se dirisiwa mo nakong e e fetileng kwa sefikantsweng sa Domboshaba. Dijana tse di ne di dirilwe ka maje.

Ga go tlhaloganyesege gore batho ba ba buang Se-Bantu ba ne ba fudugela leng la ntlha mo nageng go tswa kwa bokone, le fa AD 600 e lebega e le phopholetso ya tumalano. Mo motlheng oo, bagolwagolwane ba Kalanga ya segompieno ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokone-botlhaba jwa lefatshe. Ba-proto-Kalanga bano ba ne ba golagantswe thata le dinaga kwa Zimbabwe gammogo le kgaolo ya Mapungubwe. Masalela a le mangwe a a tlhomologileng a paka e ke marope a Domboshaba, lefelo la setso le boswa mo Botswana le le neng la nna mo go lone kwa tshimologong go ela kwa bokhutlong jwa paka e Kgolo ya Zimbabwe (1250–1450), ka mabota a matlapa a a nang le bogodimo jo bo magareng jwa dimitara di le 1.8. Lefelo le ke lefelo le le tlotliwang ke batho ba ba nnang mo kgaolong eo, mme go dumelwa fa kgosi e ne e nna kwa godimo ga thaba le bathusi kgotsa bathusi ba gagwe. Mafelo ano, a a leng kwa ntle ga melelwane ya Botswana ya ga jaana, go lebega a ne a na le metlhape e megolo ya dikgomo—go lebega e le ka dipalo tse di atamelang kitlano ya dikgomo tsa segompieno—mo lefelong le jaanong e leng Kgaolo ya Legare.[27] Moago ono o mogolo wa go rua dikgomo o ne wa atlega go fitlha ka 1300 mme go lebega o ne wa boela morago morago ga go phutlhama ga Mapungubwe. Mo pakeng eo, ditlhopha tsa ntlha tse di buang Setswana, Bakgalagadi, di ne tsa fudugela kwa dikgaolong tse di kwa borwa jwa Kalahari. Batho ba ba farologaneng bao ba ne ba golagantswe le ditsela tsa kgwebo tse di neng di feta ka Noka ya Limpopo go ya kwa Lewatleng la India. Dithoto tsa kgwebo go tswa kwa Asia jaaka dibaga di ne tsa tsena mo Botswana, go ka direga thata gore di ne di ananngwa ka lenaka la tlou, gauta le lenaka la tshukudu.[28]

Matlha a radio-carbon a bonno jwa Thaba ya Toutswemogala Iron Age a simolola ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa go ya kwa bokhutlong jwa bo lesome le boferabongwe, se se supang gore go ne go nniwa mo go one dingwaga di feta sekete.[29] Thaba e ne e le karolo ya go tlhamiwa ga mafatshe a ntlha mo borwa jwa Aforika, ka dikgomo jaaka motswedi o mogolo wa itsholelo.[29] Bonno jwa Toutswe bo akaretsa bodilo jwa matlo, dithotobolo tse dikgolo tsa boloko jwa kgomo jo bo dirilweng ka galase, le diphitlho fa sebopego se se kokomogileng e le lobota lwa matlapa.[30] Ka ngwaga wa 1000 AD, batho ba Toutswe ba ne ba fudugela kwa Botswana.[31]

Le fa go ntse jalo, temothuo le yone e nnile le seabe se se botlhokwa mo botshelong jo boleele jwa tiro e e atolositsweng ya Toutswemogala Hill, ka ge dibopego tse dintsi tsa polokelo ya dijo le tsone di fitlhetswe mo lefelong leo. Dikarolo tse dintsi tse di farologaneng tsa bodilo jwa matlo di ile tsa bontsha gape go nna ga batho foo makgolokgolo a dingwaga. Go goroga ga bagolwagolwane ba babui ba Setswana ba ba neng ba tla go laola kgaolo go santse go tshwanetse ga bewa letlha ka tlhomamo. Maloko a Bakwena, bogosi ka fa tlase ga moeteledipele yo o bidiwang Kgabo II, ba ne ba dira tsela ya bone go tsena mo Kalahari e e kwa borwa ka AD 1500 moragonyana, mme batho ba gagwe ba ne ba lelekela baagi ba Bakgalagadi kwa bophirima go tsena mo sekakeng. Fa dingwaga di ntse di feta, makala a le mmalwa a Bakwena a ne a fudugela kwa mafelong a a mabapi. Bangwaketse ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a kwa bophirima, fa Bangwato ba ne ba fudugela kwa bokone botlhaba kwa mafelong a pele a Kalanga.[32] E se kgale morago ga moo, lekala la Bangwato le le neng le itsege jaaka Batawana le ne la fudugela kwa Okavango Delta, gongwe ka dingwaga tsa bo 1790.[33]

Mfecane le Dintwa tsa Batswana le Maburu

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Mmepe wa Jeremane wa Aforika Borwa wa 1905, o o bontshang lefelo le le sa ntseng le sa kgaoganngwa la Bechuanaland.

Dikwalo tsa ntlha tse di amanang le Botswana wa segompieno di tlhagelela ka ngwaga wa 1824. Dikwalo tse di supa fa Bangwaketse ba ne ba fetogile mmuso o o renang mo kgaolong eo. Ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga Makaba II, Bangwaketse ba ne ba rua metlhape e megolo ya dikgomo mo mafelong a sekaka a a sireleditsweng sentle, mme ba dirisa bokgoni jwa bone jwa sesole go tlhasela baagisani ba bone.[34] Ka nako e, dikgosi tse dingwe mo lefelong leo di ne di na le diroto di le dikete tse lesome kgotsa go feta mme di ne di atlegile thata.[35] Tekatekano eno e ne ya tla kwa bokhutlong ka nako ya Mfecane (1823–1843) fa tatelano ya batho ba ba tlhaselang go tswa kwa Aforika Borwa e ne e tsena mo lefatsheng. Le fa Bangwaketse ba ne ba kgona go fenya Bakololo ba ba neng ba tlhasetse ka ngwaga wa 1826, fa nako e ntse e tsamaya dikgosi tsotlhe tse dikgolo mo Botswana tsa tlhaselwa, tsa koafadiwa le go humanega. Bakololo le AmaNdebele ba ne ba tlhasela gangwe le gape mme ba tsaya dipalo tse di kwa godimo tsa dikgomo, basadi le bana go tswa mo Batswaneng – bontsi jwa bone ba ne ba kgweelediwa kwa sekakeng kgotsa kwa mafelong a botshabelo jaaka ditlhoa tsa dithaba le magaga. Ke fela morago ga 1843, fa Ba-Amandebele ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima jwa Zimbabwe, fa matshosetsi ano a ne a kokobela.[36]

Sechele I, yo o neng a eteletse pele Mokgatlho wa Merafe ya Batswana kgatlhanong le Maburu ka 1852

Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1840 le bo 1850, kgwebisano le bagwebi ba ba neng ba le kwa Cape Colony e ne ya bulega mme ya kgontsha magosi a Batswana go aga sesha. Bakwena, Bangwaketse, Bangwato le Batawana ba ne ba dirisana mmogo go laola kgwebo ya lonaka lwa tlou e e neng e dira madi a mantsi mme ba dirisa madi ao go reka dipitse le ditlhobolo kwa ntle, mme seo se ne sa dira gore ba kgone go tlhoma taolo mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana. Thulaganyo e e ne e weditswe ka bontsi ka 1880, mme ka jalo Batswana ba ne ba fenya Basarwa, Kalanga, Bakgalagadi le batho ba bangwe ba ba kwa tlase ba ga jaana.[37]

Morago ga Loeto lo logolo, MaAfrikanere go tswa kwa Koloning ya Kapa ba ne ba itlhoma mo melelwaneng ya Botswana kwa Teransefala. Ka 1852, kopano ya dikgosi tsa Batswana e e neng e eteletswe pele ke Sechele I e ne ya fenya ditlhaselo tsa Maaforika kwa Ntweng ya Dimawe mme, morago ga dingwaga di ka nna robedi tsa dikgotlhang le dintwa tse di neng di kgaotsa, kwa bofelong ba ne ba fitlhelela tumalano ya kagiso kwa Potchefstroom ka 1860. Go tloga ka nako eo, molelwane wa Botswana le wa Aforika Borwa wa gompieno o ne wa dumalanwa, mme maAfrikanere le Batswana ba ne ba gweba le go dira mmogo ka kagiso.[38][39]

Ka 1884, Batawana, mophato wa dipitse wa lotso lwa BaTswana o o neng o le kwa bokone o o neng o eteletswe pele ke Kgosi Moremi, o ne wa lwa le go fenya tlhaselo ya MaNdebele kwa bokone jwa Botswana kwa Ntweng ya Khutiyabasadi. Se e ne e le tshimologo ya go phutlhama ga Bogosi jwa Ndebele kwa Zimbabwe, mme bo ne jwa thusa bolaodi jo bo buang Setswana.[40]

Ka ntlha ya maemo a masha a kagiso, kgwebo e ne ya atlega fa gare ga 1860 le 1880. Barongwa ba Bakeresete ba ne ba kgona go dirisa seo thata. Balutere le Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London ka bobedi ba ne ba tlhongwa mo lefatsheng ka 1856. Ka 1880, motse mongwe le mongwe o mogolo o ne o na le morongwa yo o nnang mo go one, mme tlhotlheletso ya bone e ne ya gola ka iketlo. Khama III, yo o neng a busa go tloga ka 1875 go fitlha ka 1923, e ne e le wa ntlha mo dikgosing tsa Batswana go dira Bokeresete bodumedi jwa puso, mme molao o mogolo wa setso sa Batswana o ne wa fetoga ka ntlha ya seo. Bokeresete bo ne jwa nna bodumedi jwa semmuso mo dikgosing tsotlhe ka Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya Ntlha.[41]

Dikgosi tsa Bechuanaland kwa Lontone. Ka fa molemeng: w:Sebele I; Bogare: w:Bathoen I; Ka fa mojeng: w:Khama III.
Setempe sa 1960 sa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland.

Ka nako ya Go Kgaratlhela Aforika, Mmusomogolo wa Jeremane le Borithane ka bobedi di ne di eletsa kgaolo ya Botswana. Ka nako ya Bokopano jwa kwa Berlin, Borithane e ne ya swetsa go tsenya Botswana go sireletsa Tsela e e yang kwa Bokone mme ka jalo e golaganye Koloni ya Kapa le mafelo a yona a a kwa bokone go ya pele. E ne ya gapa dikgaolo tsa Tswana ka letlhakore le le lengwe ka Firikgong 1885 mme morago ga moo ya romela Warren Expedition kwa bokone go tiisa taolo mo kgaolong le go tlhatswa dikgosi pelo go amogela taolo ya Borithane. Le fa ba ne ba belaela, ba ne ba feleletsa ba dumalana le fait accompli e.[42][43]

Ka 1890, mafelo a a kwa bokone jwa didikirii di le masome mabedi le bobedi a ne a okediwa mo Tshireletsong e ntšhwa ya Bechuanaland. Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1890, kgaolo e ntsha e ne ya kgaoganngwa ka dipolokelo tse robedi tse di farologaneng, ka lefatshe le lennye le le lekaneng le le neng la tlogelwa jaaka lefatshe le le gololesegileng la baagi ba basweu. Mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 1890, puso ya Borithane e ne ya tsaya tshwetso ya go neela Bechuanaland Protectorate go Kompone ya Borithane ya Aforika Borwa. Leano le, le le neng le le mo tseleng ya go ungwa le fa baeteledipele ba Batswana ba ne ba kopa ba ba neng ba etela Enyelane go ipelaetsa, le ne la feleletsa le sentswe ke go palelwa ga Jameson Raid ka Firikgong 1896.[44][45]

Fa Kopano ya Aforika Borwa e ne e tlhamiwa go tswa mo dikoloning tse dikgolo tsa Borithane mo kgaolong e ka 1910, Dikgaolo tsa Khomišene e e Kwa Godimo—Bechuanaland Protectorate, Basutoland (e jaanong e bidiwang Lesotho) le Swaziland (e jaanong e leng Eswatini)—di ne di sa akarediwe, mme go ne ga dirwa thulaganyo ya gore moragonyana di akarediwe. Le fa go ntse jalo, UK e ne ya simolola go buisana le baagi ba yone gore ba eletsa eng. Le fa dipuso tse di latelanang tsa Aforika Borwa di ne di batla gore mafelo ao a fetisediwe kwa taolong ya tsone, UK e ne ya nna ya diega; ka ntlha ya moo, ga e ise e ko e direge. Go tlhophiwa ga puso ya Bosetšhaba ka 1948, e e neng ya tlhoma tlhaolele, le go ikgogela morago ga Aforika Borwa mo Mafatsheng a Selekane ka 1961, e ne ya fedisa tsholofelo nngwe le nngwe ya gore UK kgotsa dikgaolo tseo di dumalane go tsenngwa mo Aforika Borwa.[46]

Katoloso ya bolaodi jwa bogareng jwa Borithane le go fetoga ga puso ya lefatshe go ne ga felela ka gore ka 1920 go tlhomiwe makgotla a mabedi a bagakolodi go emela Maaforika le Bayuropa ka bobedi.[47] Lekgotla la Aforika le ne le na le ditlhogo di le robedi tsa merafe ya Batswana le maloko mangwe a a tlhophilweng.[47] Dikgoeletso ka 1934 di ne di laola puso le dithata tsa merafe. Lekgotla la bagakolodi la Yuropa le Aforika le ne la tlhamiwa ka 1951, mme molaomotheo wa 1961 o ne wa tlhoma lekgotla la peomolao la ditherisano.[48]

Seretse Khama (ka fa mojeng) le Quett Masire (ka fa molemeng) kwa dipuisanong tsa boipuso kwa Lontone, ka 1965

Ka Seetebosigo 1964, United Kingdom e ne ya amogela dikakanyetso tsa gore go nne le puso ya ya batho ka batho mo Botswana. Bokopano jwa boipuso bo ne jwa tshwarelwa kwa Lontone ka Tlhakole 1966.[49] Setilo sa puso se ne sa fudusiwa ka ngwaga wa 1965 go tswa kwa Mahikeng kwa Aferika Borwa, go ya kwa Gaborone e e neng e sa tswang go tlhongwa, e e neng e le gaufi le molelwane wa Botswana le Aforika Borwa. Go ikaegilwe ka molaomotheo wa 1965, lefatshe le ne la tshwara ditlhopho tsa lone tsa ntlha tsa kakaretso ka fa tlase ga tshwanelo ya botlhe ya go tlhopha mme la bona boipuso ka Lwetse a le malatsi a masome mararo 1966.[50] Sir Seretse Khama, moeteledipele mo mokgatlhong wa boipuso,[51] o ne a tlhophiwa go nna tautona wa ntlha, mme morago ga moo a tlhophiwa gape gabedi.[52]

Khama o ne a tlhokafala mo maemong a gagwe ka 1980. Botautona bo ne jwa fetela kwa go mothusatautona wa nako eo, Quett Masire, yo o neng a tlhophiwa ka boene ka 1984 mme a tlhophiwa gape ka 1989 le 1994. Masire o ne a tlogela tiro ka 1998. O ne a tlhatlhangwa ke Festus Mogae, yo o neng a thophiwa ka 1999 mme a tlhophiwa gape ka 2004. Botautona bo ne jwa fetela kwa go Ian Khama ka 2008 (morwa tautona wa ntlha), yo o neng a ntse a direla jaaka mothusa tautona wa ga Mogae fa e sale a tlogela maemo a gagwe a go nna Molaodi wa Sesole sa Botswana ka 1998 go tsaya karolo e ya setšhaba. Ka Moranang a rogwa 2018, Mokgweetsi Eric Keabetswe Masisi o ne a ikanisiwa jaaka tautona wa botlhano wa Botswana, a tlhatlhama Ian Khama.[53] Kganetsano e e neng e ntse e le teng ka nako e telele ka ga molelwane o o kwa bokone le Caprivi Strip ya Namibia e ne ya nna setlhogo sa katlholo ya Kgotlatshekelo ya Boditšhabatšhaba ya Bosiamisi ka Sedimonthole 1999. E ne ya atlhola gore Setlhaketlhake sa Kasikili ke sa Botswana.[54]

Lekoko la Botswana Democratic Party le ne la busa lefatshe kwantle ga go kgaotsa go tloga ka ditlhopho tsa ntlha tsa 1965 go fitlha ka ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 2024, tse di neng tsa fenngwa ke Umbrella for Democratic Change.[55] Ka Ngwanatsele a rogwa 2024, Duma Boko, moeteledipele wa UDC, o ne a ikanisiwa jaaka tautona wa Botswana, a nna tautona wa ntlha go sa emele BDP.[56]

Ka 2025, Botswana e ne ya nna lefelo la mathata a magolo a kalafi.[57]

Mmepe wa Botswana wa Köppen climate classification

Ka bogolo jwa dikilometara di le 581 730 (sekwere sa dimaele di le 224 607), Botswana ke lefatshe la bo masome mane le boferabobedi ka bogolo mo lefatsheng.[58] Gape e na le bogodimo jo bo ka nnang dimitara di le sekete (3 300 ft) kwa godimo ga bogodimo jwa lewatle.[59][60] Botswana e sephaphathi thata, e rata go nna mo lefelong le le bidikamang ka iketlo.[16] Sekaka sa Kalahari ke sone se tetseng mo Botswana, se se akaretsang go fitlha go 70% ya bogodimo jwa lefatshe la lone.[61]

Makgobokgobo a Okavango

Lefelo la Noka ya Limpopo, e leng sebopego se segolo sa lefatshe la borwa jotlhe jwa Aforika, le bontlhabongwe mo Botswana, ka megopo ya melatswana ya yone e e elelang, Notwane, Bonwapitse, Mahalapye, Lotsane, Motloutse le Shashe, tse di mo karolong e e kwa botlhaba jwa lefatshe.[62] Ya Notwane e tlamela motsemogolo ka metsi ka Letamo la Gaborone.[63] Noka ya Chobe e kopana le Noka ya Zambezi kwa lefelong le le bidiwang Kazungula.[64]

Mefutafuta ya ditshedi le tshomarelo

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Dipitse tsa naga di tsamayatsamaya mo Mogobeng wa Okavango

Botswana e na le mafelo a a farologaneng a bonno jwa diphologolo tsa naga.[65] Mo godimo ga mafelo a delta le a sekaka, go na le mafelo a bojang le di-savanna.[65] Bokone jwa Botswana bo na le nngwe ya dipalopalo tse di mmalwa tse di setseng tsa ntša ya naga ya Aforika e e mo kotsing ya go nyelela.[66] Chobe National Park mo Kgaolong ya Chobe e na le ditlou tse dintsi go gaisa tsotlhe mo lefatsheng tsa Aforika. Phaka e akaretsa dikilometara di ka nna dikete tse lesome le motso (4,247 sq mi) mme e tshegetsa mefuta e ka nna makgolo mararo le masome matlhano ya dinonyane.[67] Botswana ke karolo ya Lefelo la Tshomarelo la Kavango Zambezi (KAZA), mmogo le Zimbabwe, Zambia, Namibia le Angola. Karolo ya tumalano e letla motsamao o o gololesegileng wa diphologolo tsa naga magareng ga mafatshe a a tsayang karolo. "Mafelo a go gasama ga diphologolo tsa naga" a le marataro a supilwe go ikaegilwe ka ditsela tsa ditso tsa go fuduga ga diphologolo tsa naga[68]

Mo Botswana khurumetso ya sekgwa e ka nna 27% ya bogolo jwa lefatshe lotlhe, e e lekanang le diheketara di le 15,254,700 (ha) tsa sekgwa ka 2020, go tswa go diheketara di le 18,803,700 (ha) ka 1990. Ka 2020, sekgwa se se itsosolosang ka tlhago se ne se akaretsa diheketara di le 15,254,700, sa sekgwa se se itsosolosang ka tlhago 0% e ne ya begwa e le sekgwa sa motheo (se se nang le mefuta ya ditlhare tsa naga e e senang ditshupo tse di bonalang sentle tsa tiro ya batho) mme mo e ka nnang 11% ya kgaolo ya sekgwa e e sireleditsweng e ne ya fitlhelwa mo teng. Mo ngwageng wa 2015, 24% ya kgaolo ya sekgwa e begilwe e le ka fa tlase ga setshaba le 76% ya mong yo o ikemetseng.[69][70]

Chobe National Park le Moremi Game Reserve (mo Okavango Delta) ke mafelo a magolo a bojanala.[71] Dipolokelo tse dingwe di akaretsa Lefelo la diphologolo la Central Kalahari le le fitlhelwang kwa Sekakeng sa Kalahari mo Kgaolong ya Ghanzi; Makgadikgadi Pans National Park le Nxai Pan National Park tse di mo Kgaolong ya Legare mo Makgadikgadi Pan.[72]

Lefatshe la Botswana le lebagane le mathata a mabedi a magolo a tikologo, komelelo le go fetoga sekaka, tse di golaganeng thata. Dikotara di le tharo tsa batho le diphologolo tsa naga di ikaegile ka metsi a a ka fa tlase ga lefatshe ka ntlha ya komelelo. Tiriso ya metsi a ka fa tlase ga lefatshe ka go epa didiba tse di kwa teng e fokoditse ditlamorago tsa komelelo ka tsela nngwe. Metsi a a fa godimo ga lefatshe a a tlhokega mo Botswana, mme temothuo e e kwa tlase ga 5% mo lefatsheng e kgona go tswelela ka pula. Mo e e setseng 95% ya lefatshe, go rua leruo ke motswedi o mogolo wa lotseno lwa kwa magaeng. Mo e ka nnang 71% ya lefatshe la lefatshe le dirisediwa phulo ya tlhakanelo, e e nnileng selo se segolo se se bakileng go fetoga ga naga sekaka le kgogolego ya mmu e e potlakileng mo lefatsheng.[73]

E re ka go rua leruo go solegetse batho ba lefatshe la Botswana dipoelo, ba tsweletse ka go dirisa lefatshe leo ka dipalo tse di golang tsa diphologolo ka tsela e e gakgamatsang. Go tloga ka 1966 go fitlha ka 1991, palo ya leruo e ne ya gola go tswa go didikadike di le 1.7 go ya go didikadike di le tlhano le sephatlo.[73] Fela jalo, palo ya batho e oketsegile go tswa go 574,000 ka 1971 go ya go sedikadike le sephatlo ka 1995, e leng koketsego ya 161% mo dingwageng di le masome mabedi le bone.[74] Baitseanape ba tikologo ba bega gore Okavango Delta e a oma ka ntlha ya go oketsega ga phulo ya leruo.[75] Okavango Delta ke nngwe ya mafelo a magolo a a metsi a a nang le dikgwa tse dinnye mo Botswana e bile ke nngwe ya mafelo a magolo a a kwa teng ga naga mo lefatsheng; thulaganyo ya tikologo e botlhokwa thata mo go tsheleng ga diphologolo di le dintsi.[75]

Lephata la Dikgwa le Ditsompelo tsa Dikgwa le setse le simolotse go tsenya mo tirisong porojeke ya go busetsa dimela tsa selegae mo baaging ba Kgalagadi Borwa, Kweneng Bokone le Boteti.[76] Go tsenngwa gape ga dimela tsa selegae go tlaa thusa go fokotsa go senyega ga lefatshe. Puso ya Amerika le yone e dirile tumalano le lefatshe la Botswana, e ba neetse US$7 million go fokotsa sekoloto sa Botswana ka US$8.3 million. US e ne ya tlhomamisa gore Botswana e tlaa tlhoma mogopolo mo tshomarelong e e tseneletseng ya lefatshe.[75] Lefatshe le ne le na le maduo a palogare a Forest Landscape Integrity Index ya 2018 a 9.13/10, e e baya mo maemong a bo ferabobedi lefatshe ka bophara mo mafatsheng a le lekgolo le masome a supa le bobedi.[77]

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) le bolela fa lehuma e le lone bothata jo bogolo jo bo dirang gore go dirisiwe ditsompelo go feta selekanyo, go akaretsa le lefatshe, mo Botswana. UNDP e ne ya tsenelela mo porojekeng e e neng ya simololwa kwa morafeng wa borwa jwa Struizendam mo Botswana. Maikaelelo a porojeke ke go tsaya malebela mo "kitsong ya setso le dithulaganyo tsa taolo ya lefatshe tsa setso". Baeteledipele ba mokgatlho oo ba tshwanetse go nna batho ba ba mo setšhabeng go gogela batho ba tlholego, mme seo se oketsa ditšhono tsa bone tsa go bona lotseno, ka jalo se fokotsa lehuma. UNDP gape e boletse gore puso e tshwanetse go diragatsa melao ka katlego go letla batho go laola metswedi ya bone ya selegae mme lenaneo le fa puso tshedimosetso go thusa mo tlhabololong ya melao.[78]

Puso le dipolotiki

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Duma Boko ke Tautona wa Botswana go tloga ka 2024.

Botswana ke rephaboliki ya palamente e e laolwang ke Molaomotheo wa Botswana.[79] Ke puso ya batho ka batho e telele go gaisa e e sa kgaotseng mo Aforika.[80] Setilo sa yone sa puso se kwa Gaborone.[16] Ditheo tsa puso ya Botswana di tlhomilwe morago ga gore e nne setšhaba se se ikemetseng ka nosi ka 1966. Thulaganyo ya puso ya Botswana e ikaegile ka tsamaiso ya Westminster ya United Kingdom le dipuso tsa merafe ya batho ba Tswana.[79] Botswana e na le puso e e kopantsweng e mo go yone molao wa bosetšhaba o emisetsang molao wa selegae.[81] Melao ya selegae e tlhamiwa ke makgotla a selegae le makgotla a dikgaolo.[82] Ba tlhotlhelediwa thata ke dipuso tsa merafe, tse di eteletsweng pele ke kgosi ya morafe.[82]

Palamente ya Botswana e na le Tautona le Kokoano Bosetšhaba, e e dirang jaaka lekgotla la peomolao la setšhaba le le tlhomameng le le le nosi, fa Ntlo ya Dikgosi e direla setlhopha sa bagakolodi se se dirilweng ke dikgosi tsa merafe le maloko a mangwe a a tlhomilweng.[83] Lekala la khuduthamaga la Botswana le eteletswe pele ke Tautona wa Botswana, yo o dirang jaaka tlhogo ya lefatshe le tlhogo ya puso.[79] Maloko a palamente a tlhopha tautona,[84] mme tautona o tlhoma mothusa-tautona le matona.[85] Tautona o na le dithata tse di bonalang mo Botswana, mme lekgotla la peomolao ga le na dithata tse dintsi tsa go tlhola tautona fa a setse a tlhomilwe.[84][86] Boatlhodi bo akaretsa Kgotla Kgolo ya Ditsheko ya Botswana, Kgotlatshekelo ya Boikuelo le Dikgotlatshekelo tsa Bommakaseterata.[87] Dikgetse gantsi di rarabololwa ke dikgotlatshekelo tsa setso tse di okametsweng ke dikgosi tsa merafe.[82]

Ditlhopho mo Botswana di tshwarwa dingwaga dingwe le dingwe di le tlhano mme di okametswe ke Lekgotla le le Ikemetseng la Ditlhopho (IEC).[88] Botswana e tsamaisa tsamaiso ya makoko a mantsi e mo go yone makoko a mantsi a sepolotiki a gaisanang mo ditlhophong.[80] E ne e le lefatshe la lekoko le le laolang le mo go lone Botswana Democratic Party e neng e busa ka puso ya bontsi go tloga ka boipuso ka 1966 go fitlha ka 2024.[89][90] Ditlhopho tsa setšhaba di amogelwa jaaka tse di gololesegileng le tse di siameng, fela lekoko le le busang le na le bomolemo jwa setheo se makoko a mangwe a se nang one.[88][91] Makgamu a tlwaelesegile mo makokong a sepolotiki a Botswana, mme ditlhopha di le mmalwa di tlhamile makoko a masha ka go kgaogana le a a tlhomilweng.[80] Fa e sale ka 2019, Umbrella for Democratic Change e ntse e dira jaaka kopano ya makoko a kganetso.[92] Ditlhopho tsa bosheng di ne tsa tshwarwa ka 2024, fa lekoko la Botswana Democratic Party le ne la latlhegelwa ke bontsi jwa lone lekgetlho la ntlha mo ditsong, mme seo sa fedisa puso ya lone ya dingwaga di le masome a matlhano le boferabobedi mo lefatsheng leo. Ditlhopho di ne tsa bona Duma Boko a tlhophiwa go nna tautona.[93]

Mo dingwageng tsa ntlha tsa Botswana, dipolotiki tsa lone di ne di laolwa ke Tautona Seretse Khama le mothusa-tautona (tautona wa moragonyana) Quett Masire.[94] Fa e sale ka Khuduthamaga ya Kgabo ka 1991, makgamu le dikgaisano tsa sepolotiki di laotse sepolotiki sa Botswana. Lekoko la Barata-Phathi le ne le eteletswe pele ke Peter Mmusi, Daniel Kwelagobe le Ponatshego Kedikilwe, fa lekoko la A Team le ne le eteletswe pele ke Mompati Merafhe le Jacob Nkate.[95][96] Fa Festus Mogae le Ian Khama ba nna tautona le mothusa tautona, ka go latelana, ba ne ba itebaganya le setlhopha sa A. Khama o ne a leleka A Team mo lekokong ka 2010 morago ga go nna tautona.[96] Kgaisano e ntsha e ne ya bopega ka 2018 fa motlhatlhami wa ga Khama yo o tlhophilweng, Mokgweetsi Masisi a ne a nna tautona. O ne a ganetsa Khama, mme bobedi jo bo ne jwa bopa kgaisano ya sepolotiki e e tswelelang go tlhotlhoregela mo dipolotiking tsa Batswana ka dingwaga tsa bo 2020.[97]

Botswana e ne ya bewa mo maemong a "puso ya batho ka batho e e nang le diphoso" mme e le ya bo 33 mo dinageng di le 167 mo Democracy Index (The Economist), e e neng e le maemo a bobedi a a kwa godimo mo Aforika, le maemo a a kwa godimo mo kontinenteng ya Aforika (ke fela setšhaba sa setlhaketlhake sa Mauritius se se kwa lewatleng se se neng se fenya maemo a yone).[98] Le fa go ntse jalo, go ya ka V-Dem Democracy Indices ya 2024, Botswana e ntse e itemogela tiragalo ya go boela morago ga puso ya batho ka batho mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ya rekota maduo a yone a a kwa tlase go gaisa otlhe mo ditshupaneng tseno. Ditshupane di tlhaola Botswana jaaka puso ya batho ka batho ya ditlhopho e e mo ‘kgaolong e e bosetlha’ fa gare ga puso ya batho ka batho ya ditlhopho le puso ya boikgethelo ya ditlhopho. Go feta foo, di bontsha gore Botswana e latlhegetswe ke maemo a yone jaaka "puso ya batho ka batho e e gololesegileng" ka 2021, ka dikarolo tsa yone tsa kgololesego, tsa go tsaya karolo le tsa dipuisano di fokotsega "ka maemo a a botlhokwa go ya ka dipalopalo", ka karolo ya bofelo e lemogilwe jaaka e e nnang "e e maswe thata".[99]

Transparency International Corruption Index ya 2023 e beile Botswana mo maemong a boraro a tshenyetso setshaba jo bo kwa tlase mo Aforika, ka fa tlase fela ga Cape Verde le Seychelles.[100] Botswana gape ke leloko la Mafatshe a Selekane.[101]

Dikamano le mafatshe a sele le sesole

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Masole a Botswana a palama sefofane sa sesole sa Botswana go ya kwa Mozambique ka Phukwi 2021.

Ka nakô ya boipusô, lefatshe ja Botswana le ne le sena sesôlê sê se nitlameng. E ne e le morago ga gore Masôlê a Rhodesia le a Aforika Borwa a lwantshiwê ke mephatô ya Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army le Umkhonto we Sizwe[102] mme Botswana Defence Force (BDF) ya tlhamiwa ka ngwaga wa 1977.[103] Tautona ê nê e le molaodi wa sesôlè gape a tlhopha khansele ya itshireletso. Sesôlê sa Botswana se maloko a ka tshwara selekanyo sa 12,000. Ka 2019, Botswana e ne ya saena tumalano ya UN ya treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons.[104]

Go latêla phetogô ya sepôlôtiki sa Aforika Borwa le sa kgaolo, sesôlê sa Botswana se nê sa itlama go sirêlêtsa diphôlôgôlô tsa tlhôlêgê, go baakanyetsa dibetso tsa tlhôlêgô, gape tshegetsa go lêre kagisô kwa mafatsheng a sele. Lefatshe ja United States ke lengwe lê le thusang Botswana ka ditlhabololô, le sônê sesôlê sa Botswana, ka bontsi jwa bônê ba fiwa ithuthuntshô ke ba lefatshe la U.S. Ithuthuntshô ê e tsêwa e le ya kônôkônô.[103] Puso ya Botswana e ne ya naya Amerika tetla ya go sekaseka kgonagalo ya go tlhoma lefelo la Africa Command (AFRICOM) mo lefatsheng leo.[105]

Botswana ke lefatshe la bo masome matlhano le le nang le kagiso mo lefatsheng, go ya ka Global Peace Index.[106]

Ditshwanelo tsa setho

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Lefelo la Botswana la Ditshwanelo tsa Setho, Ditshwanelo, le tlhomilwe ka 1993.[107] Go fitlha ka Seetebosigo 2019, ditiro tsa go ratana ka bong bo le bongwe di ne di le kgatlhanong le molao mo Botswana. Tshwetso ya Kgotla Kgolo ya Ditsheko ya Botswana ya Seetebosigo a le lesome le motso wa ngwaga oo e ne ya phimola dipeelo tsa Molao wa Bosenyi tse di neng di otlhaya "kitso ya nama ya motho ope kgatlhanong le thulaganyo ya tlholego" le "ditiro tsa maitseo a a makgwakgwa", mme seo sa dira gore Botswana e nne nngwe ya mafatshe a le masome mabedi le bobedi a Aforika a a dirileng gore batho ba bong jo bo tshwanang ba se ka ba nna molato kgotsa ba nne mo molaong.[108] Katlholelo loso ke katlholo ya semolao ya polao mo Botswana, mme dipolao di dirwa ka go kalediwa.[109]

Monna wa Mosarwa (San)

San le merafe e mengwe ya tlholego

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Bontsi jwa batho ba tlholego ba San ba fudusitswe ka dikgoka go tswa mo lefatsheng la bone go ya kwa mafelong a a beetsweng kwa thoko. Go dira gore ba fuduge, ba ne ba kganelwa go bona metsi mo lefatsheng la bone mme ba ne ba lebana le go tshwarwa fa ba ka tsoma, e leng motswedi wa bone o mogolo wa dijo.[110] Mafeloa bone a mo gare ga tshimo e e humileng thata ya diteemane mo lefatsheng. Semmuso, puso e ganetsa gore go na le kgolagano epe le meepo, e bolela fa go fudusiwa e le go somarela diphologolo tsa naga le thulaganyo ya tikologo, le fa batho ba San ba ntse ba tshela ka tsela e e tswelelang mo lefatsheng ka dingwaga di le dikete.[110] Mo dipeeletsong, ba kgaratlha thata go bona tiro, mme botagwa bo aname.[110]

Ka Phatwe a le masome mabedi le bone 2018, Mmegi yo o Kgethegileng wa UN wa Bathopotlana, Fernand de Varennes, o ne a ntsha pegelo e e neng e ikuela mo Botswana "go oketsa maiteko a go lemoga le go sireletsa ditshwanelo tsa batho ba babotlana mabapi le ditirelo tsa setšhaba, tiriso ya lefatshe le didirisiwa, le tiriso ya dipuo tse di potlana mo thutong le mo mafelong mangwe a a botlhokwa."[111]

Dikarolo tsa botsamaisi

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Dikgaolo tsa Botswana ka 1977
Dikgaolo le Dikgaolo-Potlana tsa Botswana

Botswana e kgaogantswe ka dikgaolo tsa tsamaiso di le lesome, dikgaolo tsa toropo di le pedi, ditoropo di le nne,[112] dikgaolopotlana di le lesome le motso mme, ka kakaretso, dikarolo tsa tsamaiso di le lesome le borataro.[112] Ba:

  • Legare
  • Chobe
  • Francistown
  • Gaborone
  • Ganzi
  • Jwaneng
  • Kgalagadi
  • Kgatleng
  • Kweneng
  • Lobatse
  • Bokone Botlhaba
  • Bokone Bophirima
  • Borwa Botlhaba
  • Borwa
  • Selibe Phikwe
  • Toropo ya Sowa[112]

Tseno di tsamaisiwa ke balaodi ba selegae ba le lesome le borataro (makgotla a dikgaolo, makgotla a toropo kgotsa makgotla a toropo).[113][114]

Ka ngwaga wa 1977, dikarolo tsa tsamaiso ya Botswana e ne e le Ngamiland, Chobe, Francistown, Ngwato, Tuli, Ghanzi, Kgalagadi, Ngwaketse, Kweneng, Gaborone le Lobatse.[115] Ka ngwaga wa 2006, Chobe e ne ya tlosiwa mo go nneng karolo ya tsamaiso, mme leina la Ngamiland la fetolwa go nna kgaolo ya Bokone Bophirima. Chobe e ne ya busiwa ka Mopitlo a le masome mararo le motso ka 2014. Ka lone letsatsi leo, go ne ga tsenngwa gape le dikgaolo tsa tsamaiso tsa Francistown, Gaborone, Jwaneng, Lobatse, Selibe Phikwe, le Toropo ya Sowa.[112]

Itsholelo

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Fa e sale Botswana a bona boipuso, e nnile le nngwe ya dikelo tsa kgolo e e bonako mo lotsenong lwa motho ka bongwe mo lefatsheng.[116] Pele e ne e le lengwe la mafatshe a a humanegileng thata mo lefatsheng—ka GDP ya motho ka bongwe e e ka nnang US$70 ka ngwaga kwa bofelong jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1960[117]—Botswana e iphetotse go nna lefatshe la lotseno lo lo kwa godimo lo lo magareng. GDP ka tlhogo e godile go tswa go $439 ka 1950 go ya go $15,842 ka 2018.[118] Le fa Botswana e ne e na le didirisiwa tse dintsi, letlhomeso le le siameng la setheo le ne la letla lefatshego beeletsa gape lotseno lwa didirisiwa go dira lotseno lo lo tlhomameng lwa isago.[119] Ka phopholetso nngwe, le na le lotseno lotlhe lwa bosetšhaba lwa bone lo lo kwa godimo mo tekatekanong ya maatla a go reka mo Aforika, se se le nayang maemo a a kwa godimo a botshelo mo Aforika, go tsamaelana le a Mexico.[120] Go tloga ka 2022, seelo sa letlhoko la ditiro se ne se le kwa go 25.4%, fa letlhoko la ditiro la basha le fitlheletse 45.41% ka 2023.[121][122] Tshedimosetso ya bosheng e e leng teng go tswa ka 2015/2016 e fopholetsa gore 17.2% ya baagi ba Botswana ba humanegile ka ditsela tse dintsi, mme 19.7% e nngwe e mo kotsing.[123]

Lephata la kgwebo le madirelo la Botswana le rwele maikarabelo a go rotloetsa tlhabololo ya dikgwebo lefatshe leo ka bophara. Go ya ka Letlole la Boditšhabatšhaba la Madi, kgolo ya itsholelo e ne e le palogare ya go feta 9% ka ngwaga go tloga ka 1966 go fitlha ka 1999. Botswana e na le maemo a a kwa godimo a kgololesego ya itsholelo fa e bapisiwa le mafatshe a mangwe a Aforika.[124] Puso e tshegeditse melao e e siameng ya matlole, le fa go ne go na le ditlhaelo tsa kabo ya madi ka go latelana ka 2002 le 2003, le maemo a a sa reng sepe a dikoloto tsa kwa ntle. Le amogetse tekanyetso e e kwa godimo ya sekoloto sa puso mo Aforika mme e bolokile dipolokelo tsa kananyo ya mafatshe a sele (go feta $7 bilione ka 2005/2006) e e ka nnang dingwaga di le pedi le sephatlo tsa diromelwateng tsa ga jaana.[125]

Molaomotheo o tlamela ka boatlhodi jo bo ikemetseng, mme puso e tlotla seo mo tirisong. Tsamaiso ya semolao e lekane go dira ditirisano tsa kgwebo tse di sireletsegileng, le fa go salela kwa morago mo go ntseng go oketsega ga dikgetsi go thibela ditsheko ka nako. Botswana e mo maemong a bobedi fela morago ga Aforika Borwa mo mafatsheng a Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara mo International Property Rights Index ya 2014.[126]

Matlapa le ditswammung tse di tlhwatlhwakgolo

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Moepo wa teemane wa Jwaneng, o o humileng go gaisa mo lefatsheng.[127]

Mo Botswana, Lephata la Meepo le Ditswammung, Kgotetse le Tshireletsego ya Maatla le boloka tshedimosetso mabapi le meepo mo lefatsheng lotlhe.[128][129] Debswana, e leng kompone e kgolo ya meepo ya diteemane e e dirang mo Botswana, ke kompone e e kopanetsweng, sephatlo sa yone ke ya puso.[130]

Madirelo a diteemane a tlamela ka bokana ka 40% ya lotseno lotlhe lwa puso.[131] Lefatshe la Botswana ga le ise le simolole go epa uranium; le fa go ntse jalo, Porojeke ya Uranium ya Letlhakane mo Aforika ke nngwe ya diporojeke tse dikgolo tsa uranium tse di iseng di tlhabololwe.[132] Puso e itsisitse mo tshimologong ya 2009 gore ba tla leka go farologanya itsholelo ya bone le go tila go ikaega thata ka diteemane.[133]

Red-billed oxpecker mo godimo ga phala kwa Chobe.

Mokgatlho wa Bojanala wa Botswana ke setlhopha sa bojanala sa semmuso sa lefatshe.[134] Mafelo a mangwe mo Botswana a akaretsa Gaborone Yacht Club le Kalahari Fishing Club. Lefatshe leo le na le dilo tsa tlholego tse di kgatlhang jaaka letamo la Gaborone le tshireletso ya tlholego ya Mokolodi. Go na le mabala a golofo a Mokgatlho wa Golofo wa Botswana (BGU) o o tlhokomelang.[135] Ka 2014, Okavango Delta ya Botswana, e leng delta e kgolo go gaisa mo lefatsheng, e ne ya kwalwa jaaka Lefelo la Boswa jwa Lefatshe la sekete.[136]

Mafaratlhatlha

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Air Botswana 31/12/18
Thapama Interchange, Francistown, Botswana

Botswana e na le diporo tsa dikilometara di le 971, ditsela tsa dikilometara di le 18 443,8 le maemelo a difofane a le masome a ferabongwe le bobedi, mme a le lesome le bobedi a one a na le ditsela tse di didilweng. Mo ditseleng tseo, dikilometara di le 7 383.2 di didilwe, fa dikilometara tse dingwe di le 11 060.6 di sa dilwa.[137] Setlamo sa difofane sa setshaba ke sa Air Botswana, se se fofang mo gae le kwa mafatsheng a mangwe mo Aforika. Botswana Railways ke kompone ya bosetšhaba ya diterena, e e dirang thata mo thulaganyong ya diterena tsa kgaolo ya Borwa jwa Aforika. Botswana Railways e fa ditiro tsa dipalamo tse di tsamaisang mefuta e e farologanyeng ya ditirelo mo makalaneng a meepo le madirelo , gammogo le ditirelo tsa terena ya bapalami le maemelodikepe a a omileng.[138][139]

Fa re bua ka mafaratlhatlha a motlakase mo Botswana, lefatshe leo le ntsha magala a motlakase mme le reka oli kwa ntle ga lefatshe leo. Bosheng jaana, lefatshe le tsere kgatlhego e kgolo mo metsweding ya kgotletso a a ntšhwafadiwang mme e tlhamile leano le le tseneletseng la go ngoka babeeletsi mo madirelong a kgotletsoa a ntšhwafadiwang a phefo, a letsatsi le a biomass. Diteishene tsa motlakase tsa Botswana di akaretsa Seteishene sa Motlakase sa Morupule B (600 MW), Seteishene sa Motlakase sa Morupule A (132 MW), Seteishene sa Motlakase sa Orapa (90 MW), Seteishene sa Motlakase sa Phakalane (1.3 MW) le Seteishene sa Motlakase sa Mmamabula (300 MW), tseo go lebeletsweng gore di tla nna tsa maranyane mo nakong e sa fediseng pelo. Sefetlhamotlakase sa letsatsi sa 200-MW se mo kgatong ya go rulaganngwa le go tlhamiwa kwa Lephateng la Meepo, Maranyane le Tshireletsego ya Kgotletso.[140][141]

Lefatshe ja Botswana le ntse le nosiwa mêtse ke makalana a a farologaneng mô dingwagêng difetileng. Water Utilities Corporation e ntse e nosa ditorôpô le ditorôpôkgolo. Mô godimo ga môo, kômpône êno, e ntse e tshwaragane le Lephata ja Mêtse le Dikhansele tsa Dikgaolô ka bokete jwa mêtse go abiwa le mafelo a mangwê a lefatshe leno. Maikaêlêlô a Lenanêô ja go Dira Diphêtogô mô Mhamêng wa Mêtse ke go rarabolola ditsamaisô tsêno marara, go bêng jalo go nne bonôlô go isa mêtse kwa bathung.Eeng sê se tlamilêng gore go diragadiwê Lenanêô ja go Dira Diphêtogô mô Mhamêng wa Mêtse? Kanokô ya Lenanêôlegolo ja Setshaba ja Phatlalatsô Mêtse ja 2005-2006, le ne la re go diriwê diphêtogôdigolo mô mhamêng wa mêtse, mme dingwe tsa tsônê e le gore, go kgaoganngwê tsamaisô ya mhama wa mêtse le makalana a mangwê a a thusang ka ditirêlô. Morago ga dikanokô tsêo, ba ne ba gakolola gore Water Utilities Corporation e tsêyê tsamaisô yôtlhê ya go nosa lefatshe jêno[142].

Dipalopalo

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Go tloga ka 2024, Batswana ke morafe o o nang le bontsi mo Botswana, ba dira mo e ka nnang 79% ya baagi, ba latelwa ke Ba-Kalanga ka 11% le Ba-San (Basarwa) ka 3%. 7% e e setseng e na le Batswana ba Basweu/Batswana ba Yuropa,[16] Maindia,[16] le palo ya merafe e mengwe e mennye ya Borwa jwa Aforika.

Ditlhopha tsa tlholego di akaretsa Bayei, Bambukushu, Basubia, Baherero le Bakgalagadi. Batho ba bannye ba Maindia ba bopilwe ke bafaladi ba bsheng le ditlogolwana tsa bafaladi ba Maindia ba ba gorogileng go tswa kwa Mozambique, Kenya, Tanzania, Mauritius le Aforika Borwa.[143]

Pyramid ya baagi ba Botswana, 2016

Fa e sale ka ngwaga wa 2000, ka ntlha ya go senyega ga maemo a itsholelo kwa Zimbabwe, palo ya batho ba Zimbabwe kwa Botswana e tlhatlogetse go nna dikete di le masomesome.[144] Batho ba ba kwa tlase ga dikete tse some ba San ba santse ba tshela mokgwa wa bona wa botshelo wa setso wa go tsoma le go kgetla. Go tloga ka bogareng jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1990, puso ya bogareng ya Botswana e ntse e leka go ntsha Basarwa mo mafatsheng a bona a ditso, gongwe ka gonne ba nna mo kgaolong e e humileng ka diteemane.[145]

Ka 2010, James Anaya, jaaka Mmegi yo o Kgethegileng ka ga seemo sa ditshwanelo tsa setho le dikgololesego tsa motheo tsa batho ba tlholego mo Lekgotleng la Ditshaba, o tlhalositse go latlhegelwa ke lefatshe jaaka seabe se segolo mo mathateng a mantsi a batho ba tlholego ba Botswana ba lebaneng le one, a nopola go ntshiwa ga Basarwa kwa Central CKGR Game Reserve (CKGR)[146] e le sekai se se kghethegileng.[147]:2 Gareng ga dikgakololo tsa ga Anaya mo pegong e e yang kwa Lekgotleng la Ditshwanelo tsa Batho la Lekgotla La Ditshaba e ne e le gore mananeo a tlhabololo a tshwanetse go rotloetsa, ka go rerisana le merafe ya tlholego jaaka batho ba San le Bakgalagadi, ditiro tse di tsamaelanang le setso sa merafe eo jaaka ditiro tsa setso tsa go tsoma le go kokoanya[147]:19

Ditoropo tse dikgolo mo Botswana

Palobatho ya Botswana 2022

Rank Leina Kgaolo Palo ya batho Rank Leina Kgaolo Palo ya batho
1 Gaborone Borwa-Botlhaba 246,325 11 Kanye Borwa 48,028
2 Francistown Bokone-Botlhaba 103,417 12 Selibe Phikwe Legare 42,488
3 Mogoditshane Kweneng 88,006 13 Letlhakane Legare 36,338
4 Maun Bokone-Bophirima 84,993 14 Ramotswa Borwa-Botlhaba 33,271
5 Molepolole Kweneng 74,674 15 Lobatse Borwa-Botlhaba 29,772
6 Serowe Legare 55,676 16 Mmopane Kweneng 25,345
7 Tlokweng Borwa-Botlhaba 55,508 17 Thamaga Kweneng 25,297
8 Palapye Legare 52,636 18 Moshupa Borwa 23,858
9 Mochudi Kgatleng 50,317 19 Tonota Legare 23,296
10 Mahalapye Legare 48,431 20 Bobonong Legare 21,216

Teme ya semmuso mo Botswana ke Sekgoa, mme ê e buiwang thata mô Botswana ke Setswana,[148] ke sônê se golaganyang merafe ê farologanyeng go utlwana. Mo Setswaneng, ditlhongwa di botlhokwa go gaisa ka fa di leng ka teng mo dipuong tse dingwe tse dintsi, ka gonne Setswana ke puo ya Bantu mme e na le ditlhopha tsa maina tse di supiwang ke ditlhongwa tse. Di akaretsa Bo, e e kayang lefatshe, Ba, e e kayang batho, Mo, e e leng motho a le mongwe, le Se e e leng puo. Sekai, morafe o mogolo wa Botswana ke morafe wa Tswana, ke ka moo leina la Botswana le bidiwang lefatshe la teng. Batho ka kakaretso ke Batswana, motho a le mongwe ke Motswana, mme puo e ba e buang ke Setswana.[149][150]

Ka gore go merafe ê e farologanyeng, Botswana o nale diteme tsê dingwe tsê di buiwang ke merafe êo, jaaka:

TemeMorafe
SesarwaBarwa
Sekgôthu Bakgôthu
SebirwaBabirwa
SesubiyaBasubiya
SekalakaBakalaka
SekgalagadiBakgalagadi
SehambukushuBahambukushu
SehereroBaherero
SengwatoBangwato
SetswapongBatswapong

Go fopholediwa gore 77% ya baagi ba naga ba itlhaola e le Bakeresete. Ma-Anglican, Ma-Methodist le Kereke ya Phuthego e e Kopaneng ya Borwa jwa Aforika ke bontsi jwa mekgatlho ya Bokeresete. Gape lefatshe le le na le diphuthego tsa:

Go ya ka palo ya batho ya 2001, setšhaba seo se na le Muslims ba ka nnadikete tse tlhano (bogolo jang ba ba tswang kwa Asia Borwa), Bahindu ba le dikete tse tharo le ba le makgolo a supa ba Tumelo ya Baháʼí. Mo e ka nnang 20% ​​ya baagi ba itshupa ba se na bodumedi.[151]

Tsamaiso ya tlhokomelo ya botsogo ya Botswana e ntse e tokafala le go atologa ka iketlo.[152] Ka tlhamalalo, dikelo tsa dintsho tsa masea le tsa baimana di ntse di fokotsega ka iketlo.[153] Diperesente di le masome a ferabobedi le botlhano tsa baagi ba nna mo lefelong la botsogo la dikilometara di le tlhano. Diperesente di le masome a supa le boraro tsa basadi ba ba imileng ba fitlhelela ditirelo tsa tlhokomelo ya pele ga pelegi bonnye makgetlho a le mane. Mo e ka nnang diperesente di le lekgolo tsa matsalo mo Botswana a diragala kwa dikokelong.[152]

Scottish Livingstone Hospital kwa Molepolole

Lephata la Botsogo[154] mo Botswana le na le maikarabelo a go okamela boleng le kabo ya tlhokomelo ya botsogo mo lefatsheng lotlhe. Botshelo jo bo solofetsweng fa ngwana a tsholwa e ne e le masome matlhano le botlhano ka 2009 go ya ka World Bank, e e neng e wetse tlase go tswa mo setlhoeng sa masome marataro le bone le sephatlo sa 0.1 ka 1990 go ya kwa tlase kwa go masome mane le boferabongwe ka 2002.[155] Fa e sale ka palobatho ya Botswana ya 2011, dingwaga tsa ga jaana tsa botshelo di fopholediwa go nna dingwaga di le masome a matlhano le bone le .06.[16]

Mokgatlho wa kankere wa Botswana ke mokgatlho wa boithaopo o e seng wa puso o o leng leloko la lekgotla la boditšhabatšhaba la taolo ya kankere. Mokgatlho o tlaleletsa ditirelo tse di leng teng ka go tlamela ka mananeo a thibelo ya kankere le go tsibosa ka boitekanelo, go tlhofofatsa phitlhelelo ya ditirelo tsa botsogo tsa balwetse ba kankere le go neelana ka tshegetso le kgakololo mo go ba ba amegang.[156] Maduo a Botswana a 2024 a Global Hunger Index (GHI) ke 20.7.[157]

Segajaja sa HIV/AIDS

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Tebelelo ya botshelo mo mafatsheng a a tlhophilweng a Borwa jwa Aforika, 1950–2019. HIV/AIDS e dirile gore dingwaga tsa botshelo di fokotsege.

Fela jaaka mo mafelong a mangwe mo Aforika e e kwa Borwa jwa Sahara, manokonoko a AIDS mo itsholelong a magolo thata. Ditshenyegelo tsa tlhabololo ya itsholelo di ne tsa fokodiwa ka 10% ka 2002–2003 ka ntlha ya ditlhaelo tsa kabo ya madi tse di ipoeletsang le ditshenyegelo tse di tlhatlogang mo ditirelong tsa tlhokomelo ya botsogo. Lefatshe la Botswana le amilwe thata ke segajaja sa AIDS; ka 2006, go ne ga fopholediwa gore dingwaga tsa botshelo fa motho a tsholwa di ne di wetse tlase go tswa go dingwaga di le masome marataro le botlhano go ya go di le masome mararo le botlhano.[158] Botshelo jo bo solofetsweng ke dingwaga di le masome marataro le borataro le.4 go tloga ka 2024.[16]

Ka 2003, puso e ne ya simolola thulaganyo e e tseneletseng e e neng e akaretsa melemo ya mahala kgotsa e e tlhwatlhwatlase ya antiretroviral mmogo le letsholo la tshedimosetso le le diretsweng go emisa go anama ga mogare ono; ka 2013, go feta 40% ya bagolo kwa Botswana ba ne ba kgona go bona kalafi ya diritibatsi.[159]: 28 Mo setlhopheng sa dingwaga di le 15–19, go anama go ne go fopholediwa go 6% mo basading le 3.5% mo banneng ka 2013,[159]:33, mme mo setlhopheng sa 20–24, 15% mo basading le 5% mo banneng.[159]:33 Botswana ke nngwe ya mafatshe a le masome mabedi le motso a a tlang pele a a supilweng ke setlhopha sa AIDS sa UN ka 2011 mo Leanong la Lefatshe Lotlhe go fedisa dipalo tse disha HIV mo baneng le go boloka bomme ba bone gore ba tshele.[159]:38 Ka fa tlase ga 10% ya basadi ba ba imileng ba ba nang le mogare wa HIV ba ne ba sa amogele melemo ya antiretroviral ka 2013, ka phokotsego e kgolo, e e tsamaelanang (go feta 50%) ya palo ya dipalo tse disha tsa HIV mo baneng ba ba ka fa tlase ga dingwaga di le tlhano. Ka fa tlase ga 10% ya basadi ba ba imileng ba ba tshwaeditsweng ke HIV ba ne ba sa amogele melemo ya antiretroviral ka 2013, ka phokotsego e kgolo, e e tsamaelanang (go feta 50%) ya phokotsego ya dipalo tse disha tsa HIV mo baneng ba ba ba ka fa tlase ga dingwaga tse tlhano.[159]:39,40 Mo mafatsheng a Leano la Lefatshe Lotlhe la UN, batho ba ba tshelang ka HIV kwa Botswana ke bone ba ba amogelang kalafi ya diritibatsi ka diperesente tse di kwa godimo: e ka nna 75% mo bagolong (dingwaga di le lesome le botlhano le go feta) le e ka nna 98% mo baneng.[159]:237

Lefatshe le amilwe thata ke segajaja sa HIV/AIDS. Ka 2002, Botswana e nnile lefatshe la ntlha go aba ka melemo ya anti-retroviral (ARVs) go thusa go lwantsha leroborobo leo.[160] Le fa go ne ga simololwa mananeo a go dira gore kalafi e nne teng le go ruta batho ka segajaja se,[161] palo ya batho ba ba nang le AIDS e ne ya tlhatloga go tswa go 290 000 ka 2005 go ya go 320 000 ka 2013.[159]:A20 Le fa go ntse jalo, mo dingagweng tse di sa tswang go feta, lefatshe le dirile diphithelelo tse di bonalang mo go lwantsheng HIV/AIDS, ka maiteko a a dirwang go tlamela ka kalafi e e siameng le go fokotsa seelo sa phetisetso ya mogare go tswa mo go mmangwana go ya kwa leseeng.[162][163]

Ka lenaneo la lefatshe ka bophara la Thibelo ya Phetiso ya HIV go tswa go Mmangwana go ya kwa Leseeng, Botswana e fokoditse phetiso ya HIV go tswa mo go bomme ba ba nang le mogare go ya kwa baneng ba bone go tswa mo go kanna ka 40% ka 2003 go ya go 4% ka 2010. Ka fa tlase ga boeteledipele jwa ga Festus Mogae, puso ya Botswana e ne ya kopa thuso ya kwa ntle mo go fodiseng batho ba ba nang le HIV/ AIDS mme ya bona thuso ka bonako go tswa go Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation le Mokgatlho wa Merck, o mmogo o neng wa bopa African Comprehensive HIV/AIDS Partnership (ACHAP). Balekane ba bangwe ba ntlha ba akaretsa Botswana–Harvard AIDS Institute ya Sekolo sa Harvard sa Boitekanelo jwa Setšhaba le Tirisanommogo ya Botswana–UPenn ya Yunibesithi ya Pennsylvania. Go ya ka Pego ya UNAIDS ya 2011, phitlhelelo ya kalafi mo lefatsheng lotlhe—e e tlhalosiwang jaaka 80% kgotsa go feta—e fitlheletswe mo Botswana.[164]

Tomeletso Sereetsi wa Sereetsi & The Natives a diragatsa kwa Maitisong Theatre mo Gaborone. Setshwantsho ka Thalefang Charles
Tlatlana ya Setswana

Mmino wa Botswana bontsi ke wa lentswe le go diragadiwa, fa gongwe go sena meropa go ikaegile ka moletlo; gape o dirisa thata diletswa tsa megala. Mmino wa setso wa Botswana o na le diletswa jaaka setinkane (mofuta wa piano e nnye), segankure/segaba (mofuta wa seletswa sa Setšhaena sa erhu), moropa (meropa go kaya bontsi) le phala (phala e e dirisiwang thata ka nako ya meletlo). Diatla ka dinako tse dingwe di dirisiwa jaaka diletswa tsa mmino le tsone, ka go opa diatla mmogo kgotsa kgatlhanong le phathisi (letlalo la podi le le retolotsweng ka fa teng le le phuthetsweng mo lefelong la potongwane, le dirisiwa fela ke banna) go tlhama mmino le moribo. Pina ya setshaba ke "Fatshe leno la rona", e e kwadilweng le go tlhamiwa ke Kgalemang Tumediso Motsete; e ne ya amogelwa fa go ne go bonwa boipuso ka 1966.[165][166][167]

Kwa bokone jwa Botswana, bomme ba metse ya Etsha le Gumare ba itsege ka botswerere jwa bone jwa go dira diroto ka setlhare sa mokola le mebala ya selegae. Diroto ka kakaretso di logwa ka mefuta e meraro: mebanki e megolo e e nang le dikhurumelo e e dirisediwang go boloka; ditlatlana tse dikgolo tse di bulegileng tsa go rwala dilo mo tlhogong kgotsa tsa go hehera mabele a a photlhilweng; le ditshelo tse dinnye tsa go hehera mabele a a thugilweng. Diroto tse di dirisa mmala ka tlhomamo.[168]

Ditshwantsho tsa bogologolo go tswa kwa Botswana le Aforika Borwa di bontsha ditshwantsho tsa go tsoma, diphologolo le batho, mme di dirilwe ke Bakhoisan (Kung San/Bushmen) dingwaga di feta dikete tse masome mabedi tse di fetileng mo teng ga Sekaka sa Kalahari.[169]

Dijo tsa bosetšhaba ke seswaa, nama e e thugilweng e e dirilweng ka nama ya podi kgotsa ya kgomo, kgotsa nama e e omisitsweng, e e fodisitsweng ya Segwapa go simolola ka nama ya kgomo go ya go nama ya diphologolo, e ka nna di-fillet tsa nama tse di segilweng go nna megalanyana go tsamaya ka meralo ya mesifa, kgotsa dikarolo tse di sephaphathi tse di segilweng go kgabaganya moralo. Dijo tsa Botswana di na le setshwano sengwe le dijo tse dingwe tsa borwa jwa Aforika.[170]

Dikai tsa dijo tsa Botswana ke: bogobe, phaletshe (bogobe jwa mmidi), boroso, setampa, Magwinya le phane. Bogobe bo dirwa ka go tsenya boupi jwa mabele, mmidi kgotsa lebelebele mo metsing a a belang, bo bo bo fuduiwa go nna motogo o o boleta, mme bo apewe ka iketlo. Sejo se se bidiwang ting se dirwa fa mashi le sukiri di tsenngwa mo mabelen kgotsa mmiding o o bedisitsweng. Ting e e senang mashi le sukiri ka dinako tse dingwe e jewa ka nama kgotsa merogo ka nako ya dijo tsa motshegare kgotsa tsa maitseboa. Tsela e nngwe ya go dira bogobe ke go tsenya madila le lerotse. Morafe wa Kalanga o bitsa sejo seno thopi. Madila a diriwa ka mashi a a bedisitsweng a setso a a tshwanang le yogurt kgotsa sour cream.[171]

Metshameko

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Lebala la Metshameko la Obed Itani Chilume

Kgwele ya dinao ke motshameko o o tumileng thata mo Botswana. Go iponela phatlha go ya kwa Sejaneng sa Ditšhabatšhaba sa Aforika sa 2012 ke phitlhelelo e e kwa godimo ya setlhopha sa bosetšhaba go fitlha ga jaana. Metshameko e mengwe e e ratwang ke softball, cricket, tennis, rugby, badminton, handball, golf le mabelo.[172][173] Botswana ke leloko le le tshwaraganeng le Lekgotla la Boditšhabatšhaba la Kirikete. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne la nna leloko la lekgotla la mafatshefatshe la Badminton le la Africa Badminton Federation ka ngwaga wa 1991. Lekgotla la Botswana Golf Union le na le liki ya batshameki ba golofo ba ba sa itseng go le kalo e mo go yone batshameki ba golofo ba gaisanang mo dikgaisanyong le mo dikgaisanong tsa bommampodi. Motabogi Nijel Amos o ne a gapela Botswana setsele sa ntlha sa diolimpiki ka 2012, a tsaya selefera mo lebelong la dimitara di le 800.

Ka ngwaga wa 2011, Amantle Montsho o ne a nna mmampodi wa lefatshe mo lobelong lwa dimitara di le makgolo a mane mme a ikgapela sekgele sa ntlha sa Botswana sa mabelo mo maemong a lefatshe. Motlodi wa high jump Kabelo Kgosiemang ke mmampodi wa Aforika makgetlho a le mararo. Isaac Makwala ke motabogi yo o itsegeng ka dimitara di le 400 yo e neng e le mofenyi wa seetsele sa gauta kwa Metshamekong ya Mafatshe a Selekane ka 2018. Baboloki Thebe e ne e le mofenyi wa seetsele sa selefera mo dimitara di le 200 kwa Diolimpiking tsa Basha tsa Selemo tsa 2014 mme o ne a fitlha kwa makgaolakgannyeng kwa 2014 World Junior Championships mo mabelong. Ross Branch Ross, mokgweetsi wa dithuthuthu, o tshotse maemo a ntlha mo Bommampoding ba Aforika Borwa ba Kgabaganyo ya Lefatshe mme o kile a gaisana kwa Dakar Rally. Letsile Tebogo o tlhomile rekoto ya lefatshe ya basha mo dimitara di le 100 ka nako ya 9.94 kwa Dikgaisanong tsa Lefatshe Lotlhe tsa Mabelo tsa 2022,[174] mme, go tloga ka 2024, o na le nako ya boraro e e gaisang mo lefatsheng ya dimitara di le 100 le dimitara di le 300 ya metsotswana e le 30.69.[175] Ka Phatwe a supa 2021, Botswana e ne ya gapa seetsele sa bronze mo kgaisanong ya Banna ya dimitara di le 4 × 400 kwa Diolimpiking kwa Tokyo. Botswana e nnile setšhaba sa ntlha sa Aforika go tshegetsa Sejana sa Lefatshe sa Basha sa Bolotloa.[176][177] Ka Phatwe a ferabobedi 2024, Letsile Tebogo o ne a gapa seetsele sa gauta wsa ntlha sa Botswana sa Diolimpiki tsa Diolimpiki tsa 2024 kwa Paris morago ga go fetsa mo maemong a ntlha mo makgaolakgannyeng a banna a 200m, a fetsa ka nako ya metsotswana e le 19.46.[178]

Motshameko wa dikarata wa bridge o na le balatedi ba ba nonofileng; o ne wa tshamekiwa la ntlha mo Botswana dingwaga di ka nna masome mane tse di fetileng, mme wa gola ka go tuma ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980. Barutabana ba le bantsi ba dikolo tsa batswakwa ba Borithane ba ne ba ruta motshameko ono ka tsela e e sa rulaganngwang kwa dikolong tse dikgolwane tsa Botswana. Mokgatlho wa Botswana wa Bridge (BBF) o tlhomilwe ka 1988. Bridge o ntse o a ratwa mme BBF e na le maloko a a fetang makgolo a ferabobedi.[179] Ka 2007, BBF e ne ya laletsa Mokgatlho wa Bridge wa Seesemane go tshwara thulaganyo ya go ruta ya beke yotlhe ka Motsheganong 2008.[180]

Sekolo sa legare sa Mmadikolo wa Botswana e supa lefelo la Baithuti
Mo motlobong wa dibuka kwa Mmadikolo wa Botswana

Botswana e nnile le kgatelopele mo thutong fa e sale e bona boipuso ka 1966 fa go ne go na le dialogane tsa diyunibesithi di le masome mabedi le bobedi fela mo lefatsheng[181] le gape phesente e nnye thata ya baagi e e neng e tsena sekolo se segolwane. Botswana e okeditse seelo sa yone sa batho ba bagolo ba ba itseng go bala le go kwala go tswa go 69% ka 1991 go ya go 83% ka 2008.[182] Mo mafatsheng a Aforika a a kwa borwa jwa Sahara, Botswana e na le nngwe ya dikelo tse di kwa godimo tsa go itse go bala le go kwala.[183] Go tloga ka 2024, 88.5% ya baagi ba dingwaga di le lesome le botlhano le go feta ba ne ba kgona go bala le go kwala mme ba ne ba itse go bala le go kwala ka go latelana.[183]

Lephata la Thuto la Botswana[184] le berekela go tlhoma metlobo ya dibuka mo dikolong tse di potlana ka tirisanommogo le African Library Project.[185] Puso ya Botswana e solofela gore go beeletsa karolo e kgolo ya lotseno lwa bosetšhaba mo thutong go tla dira gore lefatshe le se ka la ikaega thata ka diteemane go tshela mo itsholelong ya yone, mme e se ka ya ikaega thata ka batswakwa go bona badiri ba yone ba ba nang le bokgoni.[186] NPVET ((National Policy on Vocational Education and Training) e simolodisitse melawana e e tshegetsang thuto ya tiro ya diatla.[186] Botswana e beeletsa 21% ya madi a puso e a dirisa mo thutong.[182]

Ka Firikgong 2006, Botswana e ne ya itsise go tsenngwa gape ga dituediso tsa sekolo morago ga dingwaga di le masome a mabedi tsa thuto ya mahala ya puso,[187] le fa puso e santse e tlamela ka dithuso tsa madi a go ithuta ka botlalo le ditshenyegelo tsa go tshela go moagi mongwe le mongwe wa Botswana yo o kwa yunibesithing, e ka tswa e le kwa Mmadikolo wa Botswana kgotsa, fa moithuti a eletsa go tswelela ka thuto e e feletseng e e seyong mo gae, ba neelwa thuso ya madi a go ithuta kwa moseja.[188]

Tsa maranyane

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Physicist mo laboratoring kwa Botswana International University of Science and Technology

Ka 2015, Botswana e ne ya rulaganya go dirisa tsa maranyane go kabakanya itsholelo ya yone mme ka jalo e fokotse go ikaega ga yone ka meepo ya diteemane.[189] Botswana e phatlaladitse Melawana ya yone ya Bosetšhaba e e tlhabolotsweng ya Dipatlisiso le Maranyane ka 2011, mo teng ga porojeke ya UNESCO e e tshegediwang ke Setheo sa Spain sa Tirisanommogo le Tlhabololo ya Boditšhabatšhaba (AECID). Melawana e e tlhamilwe mo ditokomaneng tsa togamaano tse di akaretsang Leano la Bosetšhaba la Tlhabololo la Botswana la 2016 le Tebelopele ya 2016.[189] Melawana ya Bosetšhaba e e tlhabolotsweng ya Dipatlisiso le Maranyane (2011) e beile seelo sa go tlhatlosa ditshenyegelo tsotlhe tsa selegae mo dipatlisisong le tlhabololong (R&D) go tswa go 0.26% ya GDP ka 2012 go ya go feta 2% ya GDP ka 2016. Seelo se se ka fitlhelelwa fela mo nakong e e beilweng ka go tlhatlosa tiriso ya madi a setšhaba mo R&D.[189] Botswana e na le nngwe ya dipalo tse di kwa godimo tsa babatlisisi mo Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara: makgolo a mararo le masome a mane le bone mo baaging ba le sedikadike (ka dipalo tsa ditlhogo), fa go bapisiwa le palogare ya masome a ferabongwe le motso mo baaging ba le sedikadike ba kontinentepotlana ka 2013.[189] Botswana e ne e le mo maemong a bo masome a ferabobedi le bosupa mo Global Innovation Index ka 2024.[190]

Ka ngwaga wa 2009, kompone e e kwa Botswana ya Deaftronics e ne ya simolola sedirisiwa se se thusang go utlwa se se dirisang maatla a letsatsi morago ga dingwaga di le thataro se ntse se dira sekao sa sone. Fa e sa le ka nako eo, Deaftronics e setse e rekisitse didirisiwa tse di fetang dikete tse lesome tse di thusang go utlwa. Sediriswa sengwe le sengwe se se thusang go utlwa se tlhwatlhwa ya $100 se le sengwe, se akaretsa dibeteri di le nne tse di tšhajiwang (tse di tsayang dingwaga di le tharo) le tšhajara ya letsatsi e e dirisiwang mo go tsone. Sedirisiwa se ga se ture fa se bapisiwa le didirisiwa tse dintsi tse di tshwanang, tse di ka simololang ka bokana ka $600.[191][192] Ka ngwaga wa 2011, Lephata la Botswana la Dipatlisiso tsa Temo-thuo (DAR) le ne la ntsha dikgomo tsa Musi, tse di diretsweng go tokafatsa boleng jwa nama ya kgomo. Jaaka motswako wa mefuta ya Tswana, Bonsmara, Brahman, Tuli le Simmental,[193] go solofelwa gore motswako o tla lebisa kwa go ntsheng nama ya kgomo e e oketsegileng.[194] Ka ngwaga wa 2016, Setheo sa Botswana sa Dipatlisiso le Boitshimololedi sa Maranyane (BITRI) se ne sa tlhama sedirisiwa sa go tlhatlhoba bolwetse jwa tlhako le molomo ka bonako ka tirisanommogo le Setheo sa Mekento sa Botswana le Setheo sa Tlhatlhobo ya Dijo sa Canada. Sediriswa se se tlhamilweng kwa Botswana se dira gore go kgonege go tlhatlhoba bolwetse mo lefelong.[195]

Thulaganyo ya Square Kilometre Array (SKA) (MeerKAT) e na le dijana le dieriele di le diketekete tse di anameng mo dikgaolong tse dikgolo tse di golagantsweng mmogo go bopa thelesekoupo e le nngwe e kgolo. Dijana tse dingwe di tlaa bo di le kwa mafatsheng a mangwe a robabobedi a Aforika, Botswana e le gareng ga tsone. Botswana e ne ya tlhophiwa go tsaya karolo ka ntlha ya lefelo la yone le le siameng mo lobopong le le kwa borwa le mo tikologong, e leng se se ka kgontshang go kokoanya tshedimosetso bonolo go tswa mo lobopong. Puso ya Botswana e agile thelesekoupo ya SKA ya pele kwa Kgale View, e leng Mafaratlhatlha a Aforika a Ditlhatlhobo tsa Mola o Moleele Thata (AVN). E ne ya romela baithuti go bona dithuso tsa thuto ya bolepadinaledi.[196]

BOTSAT-1 Satellite

Lefatshe la Botswana le simolodisitse lenaneo la lone la dingwaga tse tharo la go aga le go simolodisa Satellite, Botswana Satellite Technology (Sat-1 Project) kwa Gaborone kgwedi ya Sedimonthole e tlhola malatsi a le lesome le boferabobedi 2020, e e simolodisitsweng go dirisiwa rokete ya SpaceX kgwedi ya Mopitlo e le lesome le botlhano. Botswana International University of Science and Technology (BIUST) e ne ya etelela pele tlhabololo ya sathalaete, ka tshegetso ya setegeniki go tswa go balekane ba bangwe, mme ke sathalaete ya 3U hyperspectral Earth Observation. Sathalaete e ikaeletse go tlamela ka tshedimosetso ya go ela tlhoko tikologo, temothuo e e nepagetseng, thulaganyo ya ditoropo, le taolo ya dibetso tsa tlholego.[197][198] Ka 2016, mo lekaleaneng la IT, Almaz o ne a bula kompone ya ntlha ya go kopanya dikhomphiutara.[199][200] Ditec, e leng kompone ya Botswana, le yone e dira megalayaletheka, e di tlhama le go di dira ka tsela e e rileng. Ditec e dira tiro e e kgethegileng ya go dira gore didirisiwa tse di tsamaisiwang ke Microsoft di bereke ka pharologanyo.[201]

Ka Ngwanatsele a le lesome le boferabongwe 2021, bamaranyane kwa Laboratoring ya Tshupetso ya HIV ya Botswana Harvard (BHHRL) ba ne ba ribolola la ntlha mofuta wa Omicron wa COVID-19, kwa ntlheng o ne o bidiwa B.1.1.529 mme morago ga moo wa bidiwa "Omicron", mme ya nna lefatshe la ntlha mo lefatsheng go ribolola mofuta oo. Fa e sa le ka tshimologo ya 2021, ba ribolotse disampole di ka nna dikete tse pedi le makgolo mararo tse di nang le mogare wa SARS-CoV-2 ka tatelano ya tshika. Go ya ka Dr. Gaseitsiwe, dithomelo tsa tatelano ya tshika tsa Botswana kwa GISAID di gareng ga tse di kwa godimo thata mo kgaolong ya Aforika go ya ka tlhogo ya motho, di lekana le moagisane wa lone wa Aforika Borwa yo o nang le ditsompelo tse dintsi. Setheo sa Botswana sa Harvard sa AIDS sa Tirisanommogo (BHP) se ne sa agiwa ka 2003, dingwaga di le pedi morago ga gore mokgatlho o o akaretsang o bule BHHRL, e leng laboratori ya sone ya patlisiso ya HIV e e agilweng ka maikaelelo e e neng e le nngwe ya tsa ntlha mo kontinenteng.[202]

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  1. Including Baháʼí, Hindu, and Seinêêdi.[3]
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