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Seretse Khama

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(Go tswa ko Sir Seretse Khama)
His Excellency
Sir
Seretse Khama
GCB KBE
Khama in 1977
1st President of Botswana
In office
30 September 1966 – 13 July 1980
Vice PresidentQuett Masire
Pele Ga GagweHimself as Prime Minister[1]
Morago Ga GagweQuett Masire
1st Prime Minister of Bechuanaland
MonarchElizabeth II
Pele Ga GagwePosition established
Morago Ga GagweHimself as President[1]
Ka Ga Ena
O tsetsweSeretse Goitsebeng Maphiri Khama
(1921-07-01)1 Phukwi 1921
Serowe, Bechuanaland Protectorate
O Tlhokafetse13 Phukwi 1980(1980-07-13) (aged 59)
Gaborone, Botswana
PolokeloRoyal Cemetery, Serowe, Botswana
Mosetshaba waBotswana
MokgatlhoBotswana Democratic Party
Mo/Bakapelo
​
(m. 1948)​
Bana
Alma mater
TiroBarrister
Tshaeno

Sir Seretse Goitsebeng Maphiri Khama, GCB, KBE ( Phukwi a rogwa 1921 – Phukwi a le lesome le boraro 1980) e ne e le lepolotiki wa Motswana yo o neng a dira jaaka Tautona wa ntlha wa Botswana, maemo a a neng a a tshwara go tloga ka 1966 go fitlha a tlhokafala ka 1980.[2][3][4]

O tsholetswe mo lelwapeng la segosi le le nang le tlhotlheletso la se ka nako eo e neng e le tshireletso ya Borithane ya Bechuanaland, o ne a tsena sekolo kwa moseja kwa lefatsheng le le mabapi la Aforika Borwa[3] mme morago ga moo kwa United Kingdom.[3] Fa a le kwa Borithane, o ne a nyala mosadi wa Moesemane yo o bidiwang Ruth Williams, tshwetso e e neng ya ganediwa ke puso ya batho ba basweu ba ba palotlase ya Aforika Borwa mme e e neng ya baka kganetsano e e neng ya felela ka gore puso ya Borithane e mo dire gore a nne kwa Enyelane a le kwa lejwa gore a se ka a senya dikamano tsa U.K.–Aforika Borwa.

Morago ga bokhutlo go ya lejwa ga gagwe, Khama o ne a etelela pele mokgatlho wa boipuso jwa lefatshe la gagwe le phetogo go tswa mo pusong ya Borithane go nna setshaba se se ikemetseng. O tlhomile lekoko la Botswana Democratic Party ka 1962 mme a nna Tonakgolo ka 1965. Ka 1966, Botswana o ne a bona boipuso mme Khama a tlhophiwa go nna tautona wa yone wa ntlha.[5] Ka nako ya botautona jwa gagwe, lefatshe le ne la nna le kgatelopele e e bonako ya itsholelo le loago.[6] Khama o ne a nna Tautona go fitlha a tlhokafala ka 1980, mme a tlhatlhangwa mo maemong a ke Quett Masire. Morwawe, Ian Khama, o ne a nna tautona wa bone wa Botswana go tloga ka 2008 go fitlha ka 2018.[7]

Bongwana le thuto

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Rre Seretse o tshotswe kwa Serowe, mo Bechuanaland Protectorate e le ngwana wa ga MmaKgosi Tebogo le Sekgoma Khama II, kgosikgolo ya morafe wa Bamangwato, mme gape e le ngwana-wa-ngwana wa ga Kgosi Khama wa boraro, kgosi ya bone. O biditswe Seretse go lebeletswe gore seretse fa se tlhakane le metsi, se a kopana ka jalo go ka twe ke mokopanya setshaba.[8] O ne a bidiwa jaana go keteka poelano ya bosheng ya ga rraagwe le rraagwemogolo; poelano eno e ne ya netefatsa go tlhatlogela ga ga Seretse ka boene mo setilong sa bogosi ka loso lwa ga rraagwe yo o tsofetseng ka 1925. Fa a le dingwaga di le nne, Seretse o ne a nna kgosi, mme malomaagwe Tshekedi Khama e ne e le motshwaralelabogosi le motlhokomedi wa gagwe.

O ne a tsena sekolo se segolwane sa Tiger Kloof Educational Institute kwa Aforika Borwa, mme morago a ya go tsena kwa Fort Hare University College koo, a aloga ka B.A. ka 1944. O ne a ya kwa United Kingdom mme a ithuta kwa Kholetšheng ya Balliol, kwa Oxford go tloga ka 1944 go ya go 1946.[9][10] Ka ntlha ya go tlhoka bokgoni jwa SeLatin, o ne a tlogela Oxford mme a amogelwa kwa Inner Temple kwa London ka 1946, kwa a neng a tswelela ka dithuto tsa gagwe tsa semolao go nna mmueledi.[11]

Nyalo le go ya lejwa

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Ka Seetebosigo sa ngwaga wa 1947, Khama o ne a kopana le Ruth Williams, mme wa mokwaledi wa lekgoa kwa Lloyd's kwa Lontone.[3] Morago ga ngwaga ba ne ba nyalana.[9] Lenyalo le la motho yo montsho le yo mosweu le ne la tsosa madubadube,[3] go tshosa bobedi jwa Union of South Africa, e e neng e tlhomile tlhaolele ya semolao (kgaogano ya merafe), le bagolwane ba merafe ya Bamangwato, ba ba neng ba galefile gore ga a tlhopha mongwe wa basadi ba bona.[3]

Fa a itsisiwe ka lenyalo, malomaagwe Khama e bong Tshekedi Khama o ne a batla gore a boele kwa Bechuanaland le gore lenyalo le phimolwe.[3] Khama o ile a boela Serowe. Morago ga motseletsele wa diphuthego tsa kgotla (dikopano tsa setshaba), o ne a tlhomamisiwa gape ke bagolwane mo tirong ya gagwe ya go nna kgosi ka 1949. Ruth Williams Khama, a tsamaya le monna wa gagwe yo mosha, o ne a itshupa a ratiwa ka tsela e e tshwanang. Ka go dumela gore o fentswe, Tshekedi Khama o ne a tswa mo lefelong la Bamangwato go ya go ithaopa go ya go nna kwa lejwa kwa lefelong la Bakwena fa Khama a ne a boela kwa Lontone go ya go wetsa dithuto tsa gagwe.[12]

Ditlamorago mo dikamanong tsa UK–Aforika Borwa

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Le fa go ntse jalo, ditlamorago tsa boditšhabatšhaba tsa lenyalo la gagwe di ne di sa rarabologe motlhofo jalo. Ka go thibela lenyalo la merafe e e farologaneng ka 1949 ka fa tlase ga tsamaiso ya tlhaolele, puso ya Aforika Borwa e ne e le kgatlhanong le gore banyalani ba merafe e e farologaneng ba buse fela go kgabaganya molelwane wa bone wa bokone. Banyalani bano ba ne ba thibelwa go tsena mo Aforika Borwa, go akaretsa le Mafeking, e ka nako eo e neng e dira jaaka motsemogolo wa tsamaiso ya Bechuanaland. Ka Bechuanaland ka nako eo e ne e le tshireletso ya Borithane (e seng kolone), puso ya Aforika Borwa e ne ya leka go gatelela UK ka bonako gore Khama a tlosiwe mo bogosing jwa gagwe.[10]

Lephata la Attlee, puso ya Borithane e e neng e eteletswe pele ke Labour, e ka nako eo e neng e le mo dikolotong tse dintsi go tswa mo Ntweng ya Lefatshe ya Bobedi, e ne e sa kgone go latlhegelwa ke dithoto tsa gauta le uraanium tse di tlhwatlhwatlase tsa Aforika Borwa. Ba ne ba tshaba gape gore Aforika Borwa e ka tsaya kgato e e tlhamaletseng kgatlhanong le Bechuanaland, e ka nna dikiletso tsa itsholelo kgotsa go tsenelela ga sesole.[13][14] Moeteledipele wa ditshwanelo tsa baagi wa Bantsho yo o nnang kwa London Billy Strachan, yo o neng a dira jaaka Mokwaledi yo o Kopanetsweng wa Komiti ya Ntwa ya Seretse Khama, o ne a kwala lekwalo le le sireletsang Khama le le neng la gatisiwa mo Manchester Guardian.[15] Ka Mopitlo a le masome mabedi le boferabobedi 1950, Fenner Brockway, Mopalamente wa Labour wa Borithane, o ne a pateletsa kganetsano mo Ntlong ya Dikgosi ka tshwetso ya puso ya Labour ya go leleka Seretse Khama mo lefatsheng la gagwe, fa a ntse a sa mo amogele jaaka Kgosi ya batho ba Bamangwato, ka gonne a ne a nyetse Ruth Williams.[16]

Puso ya Borithane e ne ya dira dipatlisiso tsa boatlhodi tsa gore a Khama o tshwanelega go nna kgosi. Patlisiso ga e a ka ya gana lenyalo la merafe e e farologaneng jalo mme ya bega gore o ne a tshwanelega go busa Bamangwato, "mme ka ntlha ya lenyalo la gagwe le le sa itumediseng", le le neng la thibela dikamano tse di siameng le dipuso tsa tlhaolele tse di mabapi.[17] Puso e ne ya laela gore pego e bipiwe (e ne e tla nna jalo dingwaga di le masome a mararo) mme ya leleka Khama le mosadi wa gagwe kwa Bechuanaland ka 1951.[18]

Go boela mo dipolotiking

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Tshwetso ya puso ya Borithane e e amanang le Khama e ne ya itshupa e tsosa kganetsano ka bonako, kwa Borithane le kwa Bechuanaland. Dikoranta di le mmalwa tsa Borithane di ne tsa dira dipitso tsa gore Lord Salisbury, tona e e neng e ikarabela ka tshwetso eno, a ithole tiro.[19][20] Boemedi jwa Bamangwato ba le barataro bo ne jwa tsaya loeto go ya kwa Lontone go ya go bona Khama le Lord Salisbury ba ba neng ba isitswe lejwa, e le modumo wa boemedi jwa dikgosi di le tharo tsa Batswana ka 1895 kwa go Kgosigadi Victoria, mme ba kopana ba sena katlego epe. Le fa go ntse jalo, fa ba laelwa ke British High Commission go batla motho yo o tshwanetseng go emisetsa Khama, Bamangwato ba ne ba gana taelo eo.

Ka 1956, bobedi Khama le mosadi wa gagwe ba ne ba letlelelwa go boela kwa Bechuanaland jaaka baagi fela, morago ga gore a latlhe setilo sa bogosi sa morafe. Khama o ne a simolola tiro e e sa atlegang e le morui wa dikgomo. O ne a tsenelela mo dipolotiking tsa selegae, a tlhophiwa mo lekgotleng la morafe ka 1957 go nna mokwaledi wa lone. Ka Ditlotla tsa Letsatsi la Matsalo la 1961, o ne a amogelwa ka ntlha ya ditirelo tsa gagwe jaaka mokwaledi wa morafe ka go tlhomiwa jaaka Modiredi wa Taolo ya Mmusomogolo wa Borithane (OBE).[21]

Ka ngwaga wa 1961, Khama o ne a boela mo dipolotiking ka go tlhoma lekoko la Bechuanaland Democratic Party. Lejwa la gagwe le ne la mo naya go ikanyega mo go oketsegileng mo batlhophing ba ba neng ba rata boipuso, mme BDP e ne ya gogola kwa thoko bagaisani ba yone ba Socialist le ba Pan-Africanist go laola ditlhopho tsa 1965. Jaaka Tonakgolo wa Bechuanaland, Khama o ne a tswelela ka go kgaratlhela boipuso jwa lefatshe la Botswana fa a ntse a le kwa toropokgolo e e sa tswang go tlhongwa ya Gaborone. Molaomotheo wa 1965 o ne wa tlhalosa puso e ntsha ya Botswana, mme ka Lwetse a le masome mararo 1966, Botswana ya bona boipuso. Jaaka go laetswe ke molaomotheo o mosha, Khama o ne a nna Tautona wa one wa ntlha.[22] Malatsi a le lesome pele ga se, Elizabeth II o ne a tlhatlositse Khama mo teng ga Taolo ya Mmusomogolo wa Borithane, a mo tlhoma go nna Molaodi wa Knight (KBE).[23]

Botautona

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Ka nako ya boipuso jwa yone ka 1966, Botswana e ne e le lefatshe la boraro mo lefatsheng le le humanegileng, le humanegile go feta bontsi jwa mafatshe a mangwe a Aforika.[24][25][26][27] Ditlhabololo tsa yone di ne di le dinnye, di na le ditsela tse di tsentsweng sekontiri tsa dikilometara di le lesome le bobedi fela; mme batho ba yone ba le mmalwa fela ba ne ba na le thuto e e rulagantsweng, ka dialogane di le masome mabedi le bobedi fela tsa yunibesithi le dialogane di le lekgolo tsa sekolo se segolwane.[28]

Khama o ne a simolola lenaneo le le matlhagatlhaga la itsholelo le le ikaeletseng go fetola setšhaba go nna itsholelo e e ikaegileng ka thomelontle, e e agilweng go dikologa nama ya kgomo, kopore le diteemane. Go ribololwa ga dipolokelo tsa diteemane tsa Orapa ka 1967 go ne ga thusa thulaganyo e.[24]

Khama o ne a tlhoma dikgato tse di gagametseng kgatlhanong le tshenyetso setshaba.Tsamaiso ya gagwe e ne ya amogela melao e e neng e siametse mmaraka o o gololesegileng go rotloetsa tlhabololo ya itsholelo. Khama o ne a solofetsa dikompone tsa meepo makgetho a a kwa tlase le a a tlhomameng, kgwebisano e e gololosegileng, le go oketsa dikgololesego tsa motho ka namana. O ne a boloka dikelo tse di kwa tlase tsa lekgetho la letseno go thibela go tila lekgetho le tshenyetso setshaba.[27] O ne a tshegetsa puso ya batho ka batho e e gololesegileng le go se nne le kgetlhololo ya letso le mmala mo gare ga kgaolo e e neng e tseneletse mo ntweng ya selegae, bobaba jwa semorafe le tshenyetso setshaba.[29]

Tirelo ya setšhaba e nnye e ne ya fetolwa go nna tsamaiso e e dirang sentle le e e senang tshenyetso setshaba e e nang le badiri ba ba thapilweng go ikaegilwe ka bokgoni jwa bone. Dipitso tsa go "dira gore puso e nne ya selegae" ka bonako di ne tsa ganediwa, mme puso e ne ya boloka batswakwa ba ba neng ba bereka mo pusong go fitlha go ka bonwa batho ba selegae ba ba tshwanelegang go ba emisetsa. Khama le batho ba gagwe le bone ba ne ba dirisa bagakolodi le bagakolodi ba boditšhabatšhaba. Dikompone tsa meepo di ne tsa rotloediwa go batla mo lefatsheng go bona ditsompelo tse dingwe, mme seno sa dira gore go bonwe dipeeletso tse dingwe tsa kopore, nikele le magala.[28]

Magareng ga 1960 le 1980 Botswana e ne e na le itsholelo e e golang ka bonako go gaisa mo lefatsheng.[30] Kgolo e e ne e tsamaisiwa thata ke meepo, mme puso e ne ya tsaya kgato go bona phesente e kgolo ya letseno lwa yone.[go tlhokega nopolo] Go ne ga buisanwa gape ka kopano ya melelwane fa gare ga Botswana le Aforika Borwa ka 1969, mme puso ya Botswana e ne ya iponela karolo e kgolo ya letseno la meepo. Ka 1975, morago ga gore go bonale sentle gore meepo eno e ne e ntsha dipoelo go le kana kang, puso e ne ya buisana gape ka tumalano ya meepo ya diteemane go itlhomamisetsa 50% ya lotseno. Ka bogare jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1970, Botswana o ne a na le kaboyamadi e e fitileng.

Puso e ne ya dirisa madi ao go beeletsa thata mo go atoloseng ditlhabololo, tlhokomelo ya kalafi le tsamaiso ya thuto, mme seno sa felela ka tlhabololo e nngwe ya itsholelo. Segolobogolo, puso e ne ya beeletsa mo metsweding e mengwe ya kgolo ya itsholelo. Madirelo a dikgomo a ne e thusiwa thata, ka puso e ne ya dira gore lefelo le le nosi la matlhabelo a dikgomo e nne la puso mme ya aga a mangwe a mabedi, e thusiwa thata ke ditirelo tsa kalafi ya diphologolo, mekento le go aga terata ya dikgomo. E ne ya tlhoma Botswana Meat Commission jaaka morekisi a le esi wa nama ya kgomo mo lefatsheng leo, ya tlhoma ditlhwatlhwa le go rekisa nama ya kgomo kwa mebarakeng ya dikgaolo le ya boditšhabatšhaba. Ka tshereganyo e e tlhamaletseng ya ga Khama, e ne ya buisana ka tumalano ya kgwebisano e e nang le poelo le Setšhaba sa Itsholelo sa Yuropa, mme ya bona ditlhwatlhwa tse di kwa godimo thata ga maemo a lefatshe. Khama gape o ne a etelela pele letsholo la setshaba la go kokoanya madi go aga setheo sa ntlha sa thuto e kgolwane mo Botswana, se se neng sa felela ka gore go tlhomiwe Yunibesithi ya Botswana ka 1982, morago ga loso lwa ga Khama.[go tlhokega nopolo]

Botswana Development Corporation e ne ya tlhongwa ka 1970 go ngoka dipeeletso tsa kwa ntle mo temong ya dijalo, bojanala, le mo lephateng la bobedi. Ka 1976, pula ya Botswana e ne ya tlhagisiwa, ya emisetsa ranta ya Aforika Borwa jaaka madi a bosetšhaba.[28][31]

Ka ntlha ya boineelo jwa ga Khama mo tlhabololong, go ne ga dirisiwa madi a mannye thata mo tshireletsong, mme kwa tshimologong go ne ga tlhamiwa sepodisi se sennye sa sesole mo boemong jwa sesole.[32] Le fa go ntse jalo, morago ga go tlhaselwa gangwe le gape ke masole a Aforika Borwa le Rhodesia, Sesole sa Tshireletso sa Botswana se ne sa tlhamiwa ka 1977 e le sesole se sennye sa seporofešenale. Mo lephateng la melao ya mafatshe a sele, Khama o ne a le kelotlhoko mo dipolotiking mme a sa letle ditlhopha tsa dirukutlhi go dira di le mo teng ga Botswana. Go ya ka Richard Dale, .

Puso ya ga Khama e ne e na le taolo ya go dira jalo ka ntlha ya molao wa 1963 wa Thibelo ya Tirisodikgoka kwa Moseja, mme beke morago ga boipuso, Sir Seretse Khama o ne a itsise fa pele ga Khudutlhamaga ya Botswana molao wa puso ya gagwe wa go netefatsa gore Botswana ga e kitla e nna lefelo la ditiro tsa go tlhasela moagisanyi ope.[33]

Pelenyana fela ga loso lwa gagwe, Khama o ne a nna le seabe se segolo mo dipuisanong tsa bokhutlo jwa ntwa ya selegae ya Rhodesia le go tlhamiwa le boipuso jwa Zimbabwe jo bo neng jwa nna teng, le go tlhamiwa ga Kokoano ya Kgokaganyo ya Tlhabololo ya Aforika Borwa.[34]

Khama o ne a tlhophiwa gape makgetlho a le mararo ka ntlha ya gore BDP e ne ya fenya ditlhopho tsa 1969, 1974 le 1979 bonolo fela.[35] Mo Botswana, bontlhopheng ba Khuduthamaga ya Botswana ba bolela gore ba tshegetsa mang go nna tautona fa ba tsenya dipampiri tsa bone tsa go tlhophiwa, mme ntlhopheng wa botautona yo o nang le bontsi jwa ditshegetso o tlhophiwa ka go itirisa. O ne a busa ka bontsi jo bogolo thata mo pakeng yotlhe ya gagwe, a sa lebane le maloko a palamente a kganetso a a fetang supa.[go tlhokega nopolo]

Loso

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Mo dingwageng di le mmalwa pele ga loso lwa gagwe, botsogo jwa ga Khama bo ne jwa senyega. O ne a tshwerwe ka bolwetse jwa pelo le jwa diphilo. Ka 1960 o ne a lemogilwe gore o na le bolwetse jwa sukiri.[36] Ka 1976, o ne a dirwa karo ya pelo kwa Johannesburg go tsenngwa sedirisiwa se se thusang pelo. Go tloga ka nako eo go ya pele, o ne a tsamaya ka difofane kgapetsakgapetsa go ya kwa Lontone go ya go bona kalafi. Ka Seetebosigo 1980, fa Khama a ne a alafiwa kwa Lontone, go ne ga lemogiwa gore o na le kankere ya pancreas e e neng e ka bolaya. O ne a boela gae morago ga go tlhomamisiwa gore ga go na kalafi e e ka kgonegang.[37][38]

Khama o tlhokafetse mo borokong ka Phukwi a le lesome le boraro1980 mosadi wa gagwe a le teng kwa Botswana.[39] Morago ga loso lwa gagwe, Khama o ne a tlhatlhangwa ke Mothusa Tautona Quett Masire. Batho ba le dikete di le masome a mane ba ne ba tlotla Khama jaaka setopo sa gagwe se ne se rapaletse kwa Gaborone. O fitlhilwe kwa Mabitleng a Segosi mo thoteng kwa Serowe, Kgaolo ya Legare.[40]

Boswa

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Limousine ya ntlha ya Daimler e e neng e dirisiwa ke Tautona Sir Seretse Khama

Dingwaga di le masome mabedi le boferabobedi morago ga loso lwa ga Khama, morwawe Ian o ne a tlhatlhama Festus Mogae jaaka tautona wa bone wa Botswana;[5] mo ditlhophong tsa kakaretso tsa 2009 o ne a fenya ka phenyo e e boitshegang.[5] Ka ngwaga oo, ngwana wa gagwe yo mmotlana, Tshekedi Khama II, o ne a tlhophiwa go nna mopalamente go tswa kwa Serowe Bokone Bophirima. Ian Khama o tlogetse tiro ka 2018.[41]

Maemelodifofane a boditšhabatšhaba a Sir Seretse Khama gaufi le Gaborone, Botswana

Maemelodifofane a Boditšhabatšhaba a Sir Seretse Khama, maemelodifofane a magolo a Botswana, a ne a reelelwa ka Khama mme a bulwa ka 1984.[42]

Filimi ya 2016 ya A United Kingdom, e e neng e laotswe ke Amma Asante mme e kwadilwe ke Guy Hibbert, e ne e anela kgang ya dikganetsano tse di neng di le teng mo lenyalong la ga Khama. E ne e tshamekiwa ke David Oyelowo jaaka Khama le Rosamund Pike jaaka Ruth Williams.[43] Go feta foo, go ile ga akantshiwa gape gore botsalano jwa ga Sir Seretse le Mohumagadi Khama bo tlhotlheleditse bakwadi ba filimi e e fentseng Oscar ya Guess Who's Coming to Dinner, e e neng e tshamekiwa ke Spencer Tracy, Katharine Hepburn le Sidney Poitier.[44]

Khama o umakiwa gangwe le gape mo dibukeng tsa The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency ka Alexander McCall Smith.[45] Mma Ramotswe, moanelwamogolo wa motseletsele oo, o mo kgatlhegela thata, o mo bapisa le Nelson Mandela mme o ikotlhaela thata ntlha ya gore ga a itsege thata jaana lefatshe ka bophara.

Metswedi

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  1. 1 2 The President and Vice President. Chapter 4, Part I, Constitution of Botswana
  2. ↑ "Sir Seretse Khama | president of Botswana | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 11 Phalane 2025.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Ramsay, Jeff (1 July 2021). "Seretse Khama Centenary: A profile of our first president". Mmegi Online. Retrieved 11 Phalane 2025.
  4. ↑ Henderson, Willie (January 1990). "Seretse Khama: A Personal Appreciation". African Affairs. 89 (354): 27–56. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a098278. ISSN 1468-2621.
  5. 1 2 3 "IFES Election Guide | Elections: Botswana Parliamentary Election 2009". www.electionguide.org. Retrieved 11 Phalane 2025.
  6. ↑ "The Presidency – Republic of South Africa". Archived from the original on 20 July 2009.
  7. ↑ "Botswana issues arrest warrant for ex-President Ian Khama". AP NEWS. 2 January 2023. Retrieved 11 Phalane 2025.
  8. ↑ Parsons, Neil. "Sir Seretse Khama". University of Botswana History Department website. Retrieved 11 Phalane 2025.
  9. 1 2 "Seretse Kharma | The Inner Temple". www.innertemple.org.uk. 15 November 2021. Retrieved 11 Phalane 2025.
  10. 1 2 "New building named after Sir Seretse Khama | Balliol College". www.balliol.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved 11 Phalane 2025.
  11. ↑ "We pay homage to Botswana Presidents – past to present". YourBotswana. Retrieved 11 Phalane 2025.
  12. ↑ Benson, Mary (1976). "Tshekedi Khama as I Knew Him". Botswana Notes and Records. 8: 121–128. ISSN 0525-5090. JSTOR 40979462.
  13. ↑ Redfern, John (1955). "An appeal". Ruth and Seretse: 'A Very Disreputable Transaction'. London: Victor Gollancz. p. 221. The British government knew well enough, throughout the dispute, that the Union [of South Africa]'s Nationalist Government was playing up the theme of the protectorates, and that it was within the Union's power to apply economic sanctions at any time. (The latest available figures show that more than half the cattle exported from Bechuanaland go to the Union ...)
  14. ↑ Rider, Clare (2003). "The 'Unfortunate Marriage' of Seretse Khama". The Inner Temple Yearbook 2002/2003. Inner Temple. Archived from the original on 19 July 2006. Retrieved 6 August 2006. Under the provisions of the South Africa Act of 1909, the Union laid claim to the neighbouring tribal territories and, as the Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations pointed out to the Cabinet in 1949, the 'demand for this transfer might become more insistent if we disregard the Union government's views'. He went on, 'indeed, we cannot exclude the possibility of an armed incursion into the Bechuanaland Protectorate from the Union if Serestse were to be recognised forthwith, while feeling on the subject is inflamed'.
  15. ↑ "Letters to the Editor: Seretse Khama". The Manchester Guardian 18 March 1950. p. 6.
  16. ↑ Dutfield, Michael (1990). A Marriage of Inconvenience. London: Unwin Hyman.
  17. ↑ Rider, Clare (2003). "The 'Unfortunate Marriage' of Seretse Khama". The Inner Temple Yearbook 2002/2003. Inner Temple. Archived from the original on 19 July 2006. Retrieved 6 August 2006. Since, in their opinion, friendly and co-operative relations with South Africa and Rhodesia were essential to the well-being of the Bamangwato Tribe and the whole of the Protectorate, Serestse, who enjoyed neither, could not be deemed fit to rule. They concluded: 'We have no hesitation in finding that, but for his unfortunate marriage, his prospects as Chief are as bright as those of any native in Africa with whom we have come into contact'.
  18. ↑ "Sir Seretse Khama – first President of Botswana". BBC – Radio 4 Making History. BBC Radio 4. 22 July 2010. Retrieved 11 Phalane 2025.
  19. ↑ Williams, Susan, 2006, Colour Bar: The Triumph of Seretse Khama and His Nation, Allen Lane
  20. ↑ Redfern, John (1955). "The mean marquis". Ruth and Seretse: "A Very Disreputable Transaction". London: Victor Gollancz. p. 189. Some sections of the press attacked him, the Daily Express with especial force: ... "For the nation's good, Lord Salisbury's first deed as Commonwealth Relations Secretary should be his last."
  21. ↑ "No. 42370". The London Gazette (Supplement). 2 June 1961. p. 4164.
  22. ↑ The President and Vice President. Chapter 4, Part I, Constitution of Botswana
  23. ↑ "No. 44120". The London Gazette. 23 September 1966. p. 10295.
  24. 1 2 James Haskins, Jim Haskins. African Heroes. p. 126.
  25. ↑ Robert Guest (2004). The Shackled Continent. Smithsonian. ISBN 978-1588342140.
  26. ↑ "Economic Freedom, Not More Aid, will Transform Africa". Fraser Institute. 2002. Archived from the original on 20 July 2009.
  27. 1 2 Marian L. Tupy (14 May 2008). "Botswana and Zimbabwe: A Tale of Two Countries".
  28. 1 2 3 "An African Success Story: Botswana". Economics.mit.edu. Archived from the original on 24 May 2012. Retrieved 12 Phalane 2025.
  29. ↑ "Mmegi Online :: A glimpse of Seretse Khama's legacy". Mmegi.bw. 26 April 2007. Retrieved 12 Phalane 2025.
  30. ↑ Acemoglu, D., S. Johnson and J.A. Robinson. 2003. “An African Success Story: Botswana.” Chapter 4 in 14 in D. Rodrik (Ed.). 2003. In Search of Prosperity: Analytical Narratives on Economic Growth. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 80–119.
  31. ↑ "Botswana facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Botswana". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 21 Phalane 2025.
  32. ↑ "Ottawa Citizen - Google News Archive Search". Archived from the original on 2 November 2015.
  33. ↑ Dale, Richard. Botswana's Search for Autonomy in Southern Africa. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1995: 50
  34. ↑ Boddy, Alistair. "Biography of the African Statesman: Sir Seretse Khama". Africanhistory.about.com. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 12 Phalane 2025.
  35. ↑ Polhemus, James H. (1983). "Botswana Votes: Parties and Elections in an African Democracy". The Journal of Modern African Studies. 21 (3): 397–430. doi:10.1017/S0022278X00023491. ISSN 0022-278X. JSTOR 160817. S2CID 154524876.
  36. ↑ "President Seretse Khama | South African History Online". www.sahistory.org.za. Retrieved 12 Phalane 2025.
  37. ↑ "The Montreal Gazette - Google News Archive Search". Archived from the original on 24 January 2016.
  38. ↑ "The Montreal Gazette - Google News Archive Search". Archived from the original on 24 January 2016.
  39. ↑ Akyeampong & Gates 2012, p. 359.
  40. ↑ Tlou, Thomas; Parsons, Neil; Henderson, Willie (1995). Seretse Khama, 1921–1980. Braamfontein: Macmillan Boleswa. pp. 391–2. ISBN 99912-60-31-5.
  41. ↑ "Botswana's Khama steps down as president after a decade at helm". Reuters. 31 March 2018. Retrieved 12 Phalane 2025.
  42. ↑ "Sir Seretse Khama International Airport". Civil Aviation Authority of Botswana. Retrieved 12 Phalane 2025.
  43. ↑ Fullerton, Huw (25 November 2016). "How accurate is David Oyelowo's A United Kingdom?". www.radiotimes.com. Retrieved 12 Phalane 2025.
  44. ↑ Brozan, Nadine (16 February 2006), "Peggy Appiah, 84, Author Who Bridged Two Cultures, Dies", The New York Times.
  45. ↑ Counihan, Clare (2011). "Detecting Outside History in The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency". Mosaic: An Interdisciplinary Critical Journal. 44 (2): 101–118. ISSN 0027-1276. JSTOR 44029511.
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