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Ruth Williams Khama, Lady Khama o tshotswe ka ngwaga wa 1923 kgwedi ya Morule e tlhola malatsi a le

Ruth Williams Khama
Setshwantsho:Photo of Ruth Williams Khama.jpg
1st First Lady of Botswana
In office
30 September 1966 – 13 July 1980
PresidentSeretse Khama
Pele Ga GagweOffice created
Morago Ga GagweGladys Olebile Masire
Ka Ga Ena
O tsetsweRuth Williams
(1923-12-09)9 Sedimonthole 1923
Blackheath, London
O Tlhokafetse22 Motsheganong 2002(2002-05-22) (aged 78)
Gaborone, Botswana
PolokeloRoyal Cemetery, Serowe, Botswana
MokgatlhoBotswana Democratic Party
Mo/Bakapelo
​
​
(m. 1948; died 1980)​
BanaJacqueline Khama
Ian Khama
Tshekedi Khama II
Anthony Khama

boferabongwe, a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 2002, kgwedi ya Motsheganong e le malatsi a le masome a mabedi le bobedi, e ne e le mosadi wa ga Sir Seretse Khama, o e neng e le tautona ya ntlha ya lefatshe la Botswana, e bile e le kgosikgolo ya morafe wa Bangwato. O ne a bereka e le mohumagadi wa ga tautona wa ntlha go tlhomiwa go tswa ka ngwaga wa 1996 go ema ka wa 1980.[1]

Botshelo jwa pele

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Lady Khama o ne a fiwa leina la Ruth Williams fa a tsholwa kwa Meadowcourt Road, Blackheath kwa bokone jwa Lontone.[2] E ne ele morwadia George le Dorothy Williams.[3] Rraagwe o berekile e le molaodi (captain) mo sesoleng sa kwa Britain se se neng se berekela kwa India,[4] mme a tloga a bereka mo go gwebeng ka tee. O ne a na le motsalwa le ene wa mosadi a bidiwa Muriel William-Sanderson o ba neng ba utlwana thata.[5]

O ne a tsena sekolo kwa Eltham Hill Grammar School, mme a tloga a bereka e le mokgweetsi wa ambulense ya Women's Auxiliary Airforce kwa bokone jwa Enyelane ka nako ya ntwa ya lefatshe ya bobedi.[6] Morago ga ntwa, o ne a bereka e le mokwaledi wa kompone ya underwriters ya Cuthbert Heath kwa Lloyd's of London.

Ka ngwaga wa 1947, kgwedi ya Seetebosigo, go ne ga nna le mmino kwa Nutford House o rulagantswe ke mokgatlho wa London Missionary, mogolowe o ne a mo itsise Kgosi Seretse Khama. E ne e le ngwana wa ga Kgosi Sekgoma wa bobedi wa Bangwato mme a ithutela tsa molao kwa Inner Temple kwa Lontone morago ga go fetsa ngwaga kwa Balliol College kwa Oxford. Bobedi jo bo ne bo rata mmino wa jazz, bogolo jang wa The Ink Spots, mme ba ratana mo nakong e e sa fediseng pelo.[7] Seretse Khama e ne e le monna wa ntlha Ruth a bua le ene a le montsho.[8] Pego ya ngwaga wa 1952 e supa fa Ruth e ne e le mosadi o o pelokgale.[8]

Leano la bone la go nyalana le ne la tsosa kgaruru mo baeteledipele ba Bechuanaland le puso ya Aforika Borwa e e neng e sa tswa go go tlhoma lenaneo la tlhaolele ya lotso le mmala e e itsegeng jaaka apatheid.[9] Lefatshe la Britain le ne le aga bomo e go neng go bonwa e le botlhokwa go tshwarelela maemo ga lefatshe la Britain, go ne go bonwa go le botlhoka gape gore barekesi ba uranium ba bo ba tswa mo mafatsheng a selekanye; lefatshe la Aforika Borwa la fitlhelwa le na le uranium e ntsi e e neng e ka epiwa ka madi a kwa tlase ke batho bantsho ba Aforika Borwa ba ba neng ba duelwa dituelo tse di ko tlase thata mo baeping ba basweu.[10] Uranium e ne e bonwa gape mo mafatsheng a selekanye a tshwana le Canada, mme uranium ya Canada e ne e epiwa boteng ke baepi ba ba neng ba duelwa mo go duleng letsogo, se se neng sa baka gore uranium ya Canada e ture go feta ya Aforika Borwa. Ka jalo ka mabaka a tlhwatlhwa, puso ya ga mmamosadinyana e ne e bona go le botoka go reka uranium kwa Aforika Borwa go aga bomo ya bone.[10] Puso ya Aforika Borwa e ne ya tlhamalatsa gore maikaelelo a bone a go rekisetsa Britain uranium a ka kgorelediwa ke lonyalo lo. Puso ya Britain e ne ya tsenelela ka go emisa lonyalo lo.[11] Ruth le Khama ba ne ba tsena kereke ya Anglican, ba batla go nyadisiwa mo kerekeng ya England, mme ope wa bone a seka a bona moruti o o neng a dumela go ba nyadisa.[8] Bishopo wa Lontone William Sand, are o ka letlelela lonyalo lwa kereke fela fa puso e dumalana.[12]

Baratani ba ne ba nyalana kwa Keningston Register Office ka ngwaga wa 1984, kgwedi ya Lwetse e le malatsi a le masome a mabedi le boferabongwe. [11]Lenyalo le ne lwa ngoka ba dikgang, jaaka mmega dikgang wa Canada Mackenzie Porter a ne a kwala ka 1952 are babegadikgang ba ne bona lonyalo lo e le kgang e tshwanetseng go kwalwa mo tsebeng ya ntlha ya dipampiri. "Fa ga bo go kopane mojwaboswa wa bogosi jwa kwa goora Khama o o neng a itlhokomolosa mathata a ka bakiwang ke go nyala motho wa lotso lo sele, le mosetsana wa lekgowa o o neng a eletsa go nna kgosigadi ya mo Aforika, o o godisitsweng a sa solofela sepe fa e se ntlo le monna o o tla pagamang base moso le moso".[8] Daniel Malan, tonakgolo wa nako e o kwa Aforika Borwa o ne a tlhalosa fa lonyalo lo lo ferosa sebete.[12][13] Julius Nyerere, o e neng a ithutela borutabana ka nako e o mme a tloga a nna tautona wa Tanzania, o ne a re ke nngwe ya dipolelo tsa lorato tse dikgolo mo lefatsheng ka bophara.[11]

Go goroga kwa Bechuanaland

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Banyalani bano ba ne ba boela kwa Bechuanaland, e leng lefatshe le sireleditsweng ke Borithane, kwa malomaagwe Seretse e bong Tshekedi Khama e neng e le motshwarelela-bogosi teng. Mo morafeng wa Bamangwato, mosadi wa kgosi o ne a tsewa jaaka mmaagwe morafe otlhe wa Bamangwato, mme mo go Kgosana Tshekedi go ne go sa kgonege fela gore mosadi wa mosweu a ka tshameka karolo e. Kgosana Tshekedi o ne a ngoka Ofisi ya Bokolone ya Borithane go pateletsa Seretse go itatola mosadi wa gagwe kgotsa go itatola go batla go nna mo setilong sa bogosi.[12]

Mo ditlhophong tsa Aforika Borwa tsa 1948, Lekoko la Bosetšhaba la Maburu National Party le le neng le na le ditshekamelo tse di maatla tsa rephaboliki le tse di kgatlhanong le Borithane le ne la fenya, mme poifo ya gore Tonakgolo Malan a ka nna a bolela gore Aforika Borwa ke rephaboliki e ne ya dira gore dipuso tse di latelanang tsa Borithane di batle go ritibatsa Malan, yo o neng a tlhalosa sentle gore ga a amogele lenyalo la ba ga Khama.[8] Malan o thibetse boKhama ka bobedi go tsena mo Aforika Borwa.[8] Lekwalodikgang la Cape Town le ne la bitsa Ruth "mosetsana yo o seeleele yo o sa itseng sepe".[8] Go nna teng ga "Kgosigadi e Tshweu" - jaaka makwalodikgang a Aforika Borwa a ne a bitsa Ruth - go ne go bonwa jaaka matshosetsi mo tlhaoleleng mme makwalodikgang a le mmalwa a Aforika Borwa a ne a buelela go tlhasela Bechuanaland fa "Kgosigadi e Tshweu" e ka letlwa go nna.[8]

Go goroga ga ga Ruth kwa Bechuanaland ka Phatwe 1949 go ne ga kgatlhana le paka e e gaisang ya dipula mo dingwageng di le lesome, e e neng ya tsewa jaaka sesupo se se molemo ke Bamangwato, ba ba neng ba mmitsa "Kgosigadi ya Pula".[8] Ruth o ne a tsaya karolo mo moletlong wa Bamangwato kwa setlhopha se segolo sa basadi se neng se mo dikologa, ba opela dipina fa ba ntse ba tshotse dikgamelo tsa metsi kgotsa mmidi pele ga ba khubama go mo naya metsi le mmidi fa ba ntse ba bolela gore "O mmaarona rotlhe!"[8] Ka ntlha ya go phatlaladiwa mo go sa siamang, Ruth Khama o ne a sa rate go buisana le babegadikgang, ba a neng a ba bifela. Bontsi jwa dikgang tsa makwalodikgang di ne di mmontsha le monna wa gagwe ka tsela e e sa kgatlheng, mme seno se ne sa mo utlwisa botlhoko thata; selo se se neng se mo tshwenya e ne e le go tlhopha dilo tse di sa nepagalang mo dikgannyeng tsa makwalodikgang tse di jaaka go bolela gore maduo a monna wa gagwe kwa Inner Temple a ne a wela tlase morago ga gore a simolole go ratana le ene.[14]

Mo godimo ga moo, o ne a utlwisitswe botlhoko ke dikgang mo bobegadikgannyeng jwa Borithane le jwa Amerika tse di neng di kwadilwe ke babegadikgang ba ba iseng ba ko ba ye kwa Bechuanaland tse di neng di e bontsha jaaka lefelo le le metsi le le khurumeditsweng ke dikgwa jaaka le le tlwaelesegileng mo Aforika bogare kgotsa jaaka savanna e e tlwaelesegileng mo Aforika Botlhaba (Bechuanaland e ne e na le loapi le le mogote, le le omileng mme bontsi jwa naga e e sireleditsweng e okangwe ke sekaka sa Kalahari). Mongwe wa babegadikgang ba le mmalwa ba a neng a bua le bone e ne e le mmegadikgang wa Moamerika Margaret Bourke-White, yo o neng a kgona go mo tshepa mme a dira tlhamo ya dinepe ka ene ya Life.[14]

Bourke-White o ne a nna tsala ya gagwe e kgolo mme a dira go le gontsi go dira gore a nne a le mo maikutlong a a siameng. Ka go itse gore Ruth Khama ke morati yo mogolo wa dikatse, Bourke-White o ne a mo fa mpho ya dikatse tse pedi, tse Seretse a neng a di raya leina la Boikgogomoso le Kgethololo ka padi e mosadi wa gagwe a e ratang thata.[15]

Go ya lejwa kwa Lontone

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Morago ga go amogela tshegetso ya batho kwa Bechuanaland, Seretse o ne a bilediwa kwa Lontone ka Mopitlo 1950 go tla go buisana le badiredi ba Borithane. Ruth o ne a gakolola monna wa gagwe gore a se ka a ya kwa Lontone, moragonyana a re: "Ke ne ke na le ponelopele ya gore ba tlile go mo baya koo".[8] Ka nako eo, o ne a imile, mme fa go ka direga gore ngwana wa gagwe e nne mosimane, o ne a batla go mo tsholela kwa Bechuanaland ka gonne ka fa tlase ga ngwao ya Bamangwato kgosi ya isago e tshwanetse go tsholelwa mo mmung wa bone.[8]

Jaaka a ne a belaela, e ne e le tsietso. O ne a thibelwa go boela gae mme a bolelelwa gore o tshwanetse go nna kwa lejwa. Puso ya Borithane, e e neng e eletsa go nna mo ditshegofatsong tse di molemo tsa puso ya Aforika Borwa, e ne ya solofetsa Seretse £1,000 fa a ka dumela go itatola go batla go nna mo setilong sa bogosi; fa a gana, o ne a bolelelwa gore o lelekilwe kwa Bechuanaland dingwaga di le tlhano tse di latelang. Mo thelekeramong e e neng e kwaletswe mosadi wa gagwe, o ne a kwala jaana: "Nna le morafe re tsieditswe ke puso ya Borithane. Ke thibetswe go tsena mo pusong yotlhe ya tshireletso. Ka lorato Seretse".[12] Ka Ruth a ne a sa bue Setswana mme bontsi jwa basweu ba Bechuanaland ba ne ba mo kgaphela kwa thoko, morago ga gore a kgaogane le monna wa gagwe, o ne a jewa ke bodutu thata ka ditsala tsa gagwe tse dikgolo e le dikatse tsa gagwe tse pedi le morwadie wa lesea fela.[16]

Go runya ga Ntwa ya Korea ka Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le botlhano 1950 go ne ga oketsa botlhokwa jwa uranium ya Aforika Borwa ka gonne e ne e le poifo e kgolo ya puso ya ga Attlee gore United States e tla kgatlhegela Asia thata ka go latlhegelwa ke Yuropa, e go neng go akanngwa gore e tla koafatsa "sekhurumelo sa dibetsa tsa mmolaowakgailo" sa Amerika.[17] Puso ya ga Attlee e ne e dumela gore go na le kgonagalo e kgolo ya gore Joseph Stalin o ne a laetse gore Korea Bokone e tlhasele Korea Borwa ka maikaelelo a go tsenya United States mo Asia gore Soviet e tlhasele Yuropa Bophirima. Ka jalo, go ne ga ikutlwa go le botlhokwa thata gore Borithane e nne le dibetsa tsa yone tsa mmolaowakgailo ka bonako jo bo kgonegang, mme seno se ne sa oketsa botlhokwa jwa uranium ya Aforika Borwa.[17]

Ka fa tlase ga molao wa Borithane, manyalo a merafe e e farologaneng a ne a le ka fa molaong, mme maiteko a go (tota) dirisa molao wa Aforika Borwa kgatlhanong le lenyalo la merafe e e farologaneng mo pusong ya tshireletso ya Borithane ka go leleka Ba ga Khama a ne a bonwa e le a a ganetsanang thata; go ne go bonala sentle, ka nako eo, gore e ne e le kgatelelo ya Aforika Borwa e e neng e tsaya tshwetso e.[8] Kwa Aforika Borwa, lekwalodikgang la bosetšhaba la Maaforikanere la Die Transvaaler le ne la bolela jaana mo thulaganyong ya lone, "Fa puso ya Borithane e ne e leka go tshegetsa ka mafoko sefatlhego se se pentilweng sesweu sa kgololesego, e ne ya tshwanelwa ke go amogela ditlhokego tsa tlhaolele".[12] Mo moeteledipeleng (thulaganyo), The Times e ne ya bolela jaana, "Ga ba kitla ba tlhotlheletsa maikutlo a setšhaba bonolo fela, a a tsositsweng ka tshiamo, gore go farologana ga maikutlo a letso fa gare ga Kopano [ya Aforika Borwa] le mafelo a Borithane go ka rarabololwa botoka ka go ritibatsa ka tshenyegelo ya tshiamololo ya motho ka namana. Ba tla nna le tiro e e bokete ya go kgaphela kwa thoko go feta e e tla dirang tshenyo go na le temogo".[8] Maikutlo a setšhaba sa Borithane a ne a le mo letlhakoreng la boora Khama thata le kgatlhanong le puso.[18]

Mo nakong eno, go ne ga nna le poelano le rraagwe Ruth, jaaka a ne a amogela tshwetso ya gagwe ya go nyalana le monna wa montsho. Ruth o ne a kopanela le Seretse kwa Enyelane, mme banyalani bano ba ne ba nna e le ba lejwa go tloga ka 1951 kwa Croydon.[12]

Winston Churchill, jaaka moeteledipele wa Kganetso ya Semmuso, o ne a nyatsa thibelo ya ga Seretse Khama e e neng ya bewa ke puso ya Attlee, a e bitsa "kgwebisano e e sa siamang thata". Le fa go ntse jalo, fa a ne a fenya ditlhopho tsa 1951, Churchill o ne a tla swetsa ka gore thibelo e diragadiwe ruri, a bolela gore go boa ga ga Seretse go ne go tla nna kotsi mo tolamong ya setšhaba. Le fa a ne a bolela jalo, go ne ga runya dikhuduego kwa Bechuanaland fa go ne go utlwiwa gore boora-Khama ga ba kitla ba letlwa go boa.[12] Mo tlhophong kwa Ntlong ya Dikgosi ka 1951, maloko a palamente a le makgolo mararo le metso e ferabobedi a ne a tlhopha go baya ba ga Khama kwa lejwa fa maloko a palamente a le makgolo mabedi, masome a ferabobedi le borataro a ne a tlhopha go ba letla go boa.[8] Go tlhokomelwa gore, Tonakgolo Churchill (yo o neng a buelela kgang ya ga boora-Khama jaaka moeteledipele wa kganetso) ga a ka a bua sepe ka nako ya ditlhopho.[8] Ka nako ya lejwa la gagwe, Kgosana Seretse o ne a tshwenyega thata mo maikutlong mme, ka 1952, Ruth o ne a bolelela Porter gore "Ka dinako tse dingwe o nna fela fa pele ga molelo a thuthafatsa diatla tsa gagwe le go tlhobaela. O tshwerwe ke bolwetse jwa lumbago ka ntlha ya seemo se. Le fa ke mo rata thata—go feta letsatsi le re nyalaneng ka lone—ga ke kgone go mo tshikinya fa a tsena mo go nngwe ya maikutlo a gagwe a a kwa tlase. Gotlhelele ga go na sepe se se tla mo ntshang mo go one."[8]

Go boela kwa Bechuanaland

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Tshegetso ya batho le go ipelaetsa di ne tsa tswelela kwa Bechuanaland. Banyalani bano ba ne ba letlelelwa go boela morago ka 1956 morago ga gore batho ba Bamangwato ba romele thelekerama kwa go Kgosigadi Elizabeth II. Seretse o ne a itatola setilo sa gagwe sa bogosi mme a nna morui wa dikgomo kwa Serowe. O ne a tlhoma Bechuanaland Democratic Party wa bosetšhaba mme a fenya ditlhopho tsa setshaba tsa 1965. Jaaka tonakgolo ya Bechuanaland, o ne a kgaratlhela boipuso, jo bo neng jwa neelwa ka 1966. Seretse Khama o ne a nna tautona wa ntlha wa Botswana yo o ikemetseng mme o ne a nna Molaodi wa Motlhabani wa Mokgatlho o o Gaisang wa Puso ya Borithane. Mohumagadi Khama e ne e le Mohumagadi wa Ntlha yo o nang le tlhotlheletso, yo o matlhagatlhaga mo dipolotiking ka nako ya dipaka tse nne tse di latelanang tsa monna wa gagwe jaaka tautona go tloga ka 1966 go ya go 1980.

Lady Khama le monna wa gagwe ba ne ba nna le bana ba le bane. Ngwana wa bone wa ntlha Jacqueline o ne a tsholelwa kwa Bechuanaland ka 1951[go tlhokega nopolo], ka bonako fela morago ga gore Seretse a isiwe lejwa. Morwa wa bone wa ntlha Ian o ne a tsholelwa kwa Enyelane ka 1953, mme mafatlha Anthony le Tshekedi ba ne ba tsholelwa kwa Bechuanaland ka 1958 (Anthony o ne a reelelwa ka Tony Benn, yo ka nako eo a neng a itsege jaaka Anthony Wedgwood Benn, yo o neng a tshegetsa go boa ga bone go tswa kwa lejwa mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 1950[13]).

O ne a nna mo Botswana morago ga loso lwa monna wa gagwe mo maemong a gagwe ka ngwaga wa 1980, a amogela temogo ya go nna "Mohumagadi Mma Kgosi" (mmaagwe kgosi, kgotsa mmaarona kgosigadi). Le fa go ne go na le kganetsano ya bosetšhaba e e neng e amana le kopano ya bone ka dingwaga tsa bo 1940 le bo 1950, banyalani bano ba ne ba sa kgaogane go fitlha a tlhokafala ka ntlha ya kankere ka 1980.[19]

Morago ga loso lwa monna wa gagwe, o ne a nna mo polaseng e kgolo kwa Botswana, a neela nako ya gagwe le matsapa a gagwe mo ditirong tsa bopelotshweu le go fetsa nako le bana le bana ba bana ba gagwe.[go tlhokega nopolo]

Barwa ba bone ba le babedi, Ian le Tshekedi, ba fetogile mapolotiki a a tumileng kwa Botswana. Ian Khama o tlhophilwe go nna Tautona wa Botswana ka 2008.[20]

Lady Khama o tlhokafetse ka ntlha ya kankere ya mometso kwa Gaborone ka ngwaga wa 2002 a le dingwaga di le masome a supa le boferabobedi, a tlogela bana ba gagwe ba le bane. O fitlhilwe kwa Botswana go bapa le monna wa gagwe.[13][12]

Mo go tsa bodiragatsi

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Filimi, A Marriage of Inconvenience, e e theilweng mo bukeng ya ga Michael Dutfield e e nang le leina le le tshwanang,[21] e ne ya dirwa ka 1990 ka ga boora-Khama.[22] Ka ngwaga wa 2006, go ne ga gatisiwa buka e e bidiwang Colour Bar: The Triumph of Seretse Khama and His Nation, e e kwadilweng ke raditiragalo Susan Williams, ka ga botsalano le dikgaratlho tsa boora-Khama.[23] Filimi e nngwe, A United Kingdom, e e theilweng mo bukeng ya ga Williams mme e kaelwa ke Amma Asante, e ne ya dirwa ka 2016.[24][25] Mo go A United Kingdom, Mohumagadi Khama o tshamekiwa ke Rosamund Pike.[24]

Mo godimo ga se, go akanngwa gore maitemogelo a ba ga Khama, mmogo le kgetse e e batlang e le ya segompieno ya lenyalo la motshamiki wa ntlha wa dingwaga tsa bo 1950 Peggy Cripps le moganetsi wa bokolone wa Moaforika Nana Joe Appiah, di tlhotlheleditse go kwalwa ga filimi e e gapileng Oscar, Guess Who's Coming to Dinner (1967).[26]

Dibuka le mekwalo

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  • Dutfield, Michael (1990). A Marriage of Inconvenience: The Persecution of Ruth and Seretse Khama. London: Unwin-Hyman. ISBN 163168101X
  • Williams, Susan (2006). Colour Bar: The Triumph of Seretse Khama and His Nation. London: Penguin. ISBN 0713998113
  1. ↑ Ramsay,Jeff.(2021-07-01)."Seretse Khama Centenary: A profile of our first president".Mmegi Online.Retrieved 2022-05-22.
  2. ↑ Q. N. Parsons, "Khama, Sir Seretse (1921–1980)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2011 accessed 23 March 2016.
  3. ↑ "A Life of Service - Lady Khama", Sunday Standard, 20 August 2012
  4. ↑ The “Unfortunate Marriage” of Seretse Khama | Inner Temple. Retrieved 2022-05-22.
  5. ↑ "Sir Seretse Khama’s sister in law, Muriel Sanderson, is no more", The Monitor, 29 June 2015
  6. ↑ Donnelly,Marea.(2016-12-16)."How a mixed-race love affair caused an international furore".The Daily Telegraph.Retrieved 2020-05-30.
  7. ↑ Cornwell, Rupert (30 May 2002), "Ruth Khama: Bride in 'a marriage of inconvenience'", The Independent.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Porter,Mackenzie.(15 May 1952). "The Ordeal of Seretse and his White Queen Ruth". Maclean's. Retrieved 28 Lwetse 2025.
  9. ↑ "Botswana - Botswana since independence".Encyclopedia Britannica.Retrieved 2021-05-24.
  10. 1 2 Williams (2006).p 36.
  11. 1 2 3 Williams (2006).p 68.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Arnold, Guy (29 May 2002), "Obituary: Lady Ruth Khama", The Guardian.
  13. 1 2 3 "Lady Khama" (obituary), The Daily Telegraph, 24 May 2002
  14. 1 2 Williams 2006, p. 88.
  15. ↑ Williams 2006, pp. 88–89.
  16. ↑ Williams 2006, p. 120.
  17. 1 2 Williams 2006, p. 177.
  18. ↑ Porter, Mackenzie (15 May 1952). "The Ordeal of Seretse and his White Queen Ruth". Maclean's. Retrieved 28 Lwetse 2025.
  19. ↑ Williams, Susan (7 June 2007). Colour Bar: The Triumph of Seretse Khama and His Nation. Penguin UK. ISBN 9780141900926.
  20. ↑ The Statesman's Yearbook 2009: The Politics, Cultures and Economies of the World, B. Turner, Springer, 2017, page 217
  21. ↑ Dutfield, Michael, A Marriage of Inconvenience: Persecution of Ruth and Seretse Khama, HarperCollins, 1990, ISBN 978-0044404958.
  22. ↑ Dutfield, Michael, A Marriage of Inconvenience (Documentary, Drama), TVS Television, retrieved 28 Lwetse 2025.
  23. ↑ Benn, Melissa (19 August 2006). "The bride wore black". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 Lwetse 2025.
  24. 1 2 Kit, Borys (26 May 2015). "'Belle' Filmmaker to Direct David Oyelowo, Rosamund Pike in 'A United Kingdom' (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 28 Lwetse 2025.
  25. ↑ "A United Kingdom (2016)". IMDb. Retrieved 28 Lwetse 2025.
  26. ↑ Brozan, Nadine (16 February 2006). "Peggy Appiah, 84, Author Who Bridged Two Cultures, Dies". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 28 Lwetse 2025.
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