North-South Carrier
North-South Carrier ke mafaratlhatlha a diphaephe mo Botswana a a isang metsi kwa borwa bokgakala jwa dikilomitara di le makgolo a mararo le masome a marataro go goroga kwa toropokgolo Gaborone. Karolo ya ntlha e ne ya fediwa ka ngwaga wa 2000.[1] Kgato ya bobedi ya lenaneo le e fedile ka ngwaga wa 2012,[2] mo go yone go ne ga okediwa diphaepe go tsaya metsi kwa letamong la Dikgatlhong. Kakanyo e ne ele gore go okediwe ka go tsaya metsi kwa Zambezi go oketsa ka dikilomitara di le makgolo a matlhano go tsena kwa go tse di makgolo a matlhano le masome a mabedi.[3] North-South Carrier ke lone lenaneo la boenjeneere le letona go gaisa mananeo otlhe a a kileng a nna teng mo Botswana.[4]
Seemo sa loapi
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Lefatshe la Botswana ke lefatshe le le sa itemogeleng dipula tse dintsi ka jalo le mo sekakeng. Go fitlha mo malobanyaneng, didiba di ne di dirisiwa go fitlhelela seelo sa letlhoko la metsi ka 80%.[5] Mangwe a metsi a didiba a sale a nna bogologolo fa e santse go na dipula. Go epa metsi ga go kgonagale mo mafelong a metsi a sa ntshafadiweng go tswa mo lefatsheng.[6] Kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana e e nang le palo ya batho ba bantsi e mo mokgatsheng wa molapo wa Limpopo, o go bolelwang fa o tswetswe. Mokgatsha o kwa lefatsheng la Aforika Borwa o banni ba one ba dirisa metsi a a fetang a mokgatsha o nang le bokgoni jwa go a ntsha ka dimithara di le dimilione di le makgolo a robabobedika ngwaga. Metsi a felela a tsewa kwa molapong wa Vaal go fitlhelela seelo.[7]
Pula gantsi e na ka paka ya selemo mo dikgweding tsa Phalane go fitlhelela ka ya Moranang, ka nako e selekanyo sa mogote se a bong se le masome a mararo. Mogote o o baka go fetoga ga metsi go nna mouwane ka pele. Pula ga e ikanyege. Nako ya lenyora e kgona go tsaya sebaka sa dingwaga. Go wela ga metsi gape mo lefatsheng go ko godimo jwa di milimithara di le makgolo a marataro le masome a robabongwe kwa kgaolong ya bokonebotlhaba ngwaga le ngwaga, mme e kwa tlase ka di milimitara di le makgolo a mabedi le masome a matlhano kwa borwabophirima ka ngwaga. Ka ngwaga kgonagalo ya gore metsi a fetoge go nna mouwane ke di milimitara di le dikete tse pedi. Lefatshe la Botswana le sephaphathi ka jalo ga le a siamela matangwana.[6]
Tse di tlhokegang
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]Ka ngwaga wa 2008 lefatshe la Botswana le ne le na le palo ya batho ya milione,dikete di le makgolo a ferabongwe, masome a mabedi le bongwe. 83% ya batho e ne e le yone e e rutegileng.[8] Bontlha jwa batho ba ba neng ba na le metsi a phepa ebile a babalesegile go nowa e ne ya oketsega go tswa kwa go 77% go tsena kwa go 99% ka dingwgaa tsa 1996 go tsena ka 2006. Itsholelo ya lefatshe la Botswana e gola ka bofefo jaaka palo ya batho ba teng, segolo jang mo kgaolong ya Gaborone. Se se baka koketsego mo palong ya batho ba ba tlhokang metsi. Kgaolo ya Gaborone e na le letlhoko la 75% ya metsi kwa botlhaba jwa Botswana. Matamo a Gaborone le Bokaa ga o kgone go fitlhelela seelo se se golang ka bofefo se le ntswa go lekilwe go tlatswiwa metsi kwa Gaborone Water Treatment Works kwa Glen Valley.
Moepo wa magala wa Morupule o dirisa didiba di le tharo go baya metsi mme o tsaya metsi mo NSC fa go tlhokega ka tiriso ya phaephe ya boleele jwa dikilomitara di le lesome le bosupa go tswa kwa Palapye. Go epiwa ga magala mo Botswana mo go tshwanang le ga Waterberg coalfield kwa Aforika Borwa le gone go tla nna le seabe mo koketsegong ya letlhoko la metsi. Bontlha bongwe jwa metsi a a tswang kwa letamong la Dikgatlho bo tla dirisiwa kwa Mmamabula ka lenaneo la NSC.
Leano
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]Lenaneo la Botswana National Water Master Plan (NWMP) le supile mafelo a a solofetsang a matangwana kwa bokonebotlhaba kwa metsaneng e e kwa molapong wa Limpopo ya Motloutse le Shashe. Lenaneo la North-South Carrier le ne la simolodisiwa go aga mafaratlhatlha a diphaephe a a tla tsayang metsi go tswa kwa mafelong a go a isa kwa a tlhokegang thata teng kwa mafelong a a gaufi le Gaborone kwa borwabotlhaba.
Poeletso tshekatsheko ya tikologo e e dirilweng ka ngwaga wa 1994,e direlwa ba Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation ba ba neng ba ntsha dithuso tsa madi gore lenaneo le atlege, e ne ya supa fa mafaratlhatlha a a letlelesega. Phaephe e e tla fitlhiwa kwa tlase ga lefatshe. Dimela tse di tlholegang foo di tla boa di tlhoga mo tseleng e o fa mmu o o fa godimo le o o latelang e ntshitswe sentle ya boa ya busediwa e sa kopanngwa. Thulaganyo ya go agiwa ga letamo la Letsibogo mo molapong wa Motloutse le yone e ne e akareditse go ela tlhoko ka fa tikologong e ka amegang teng.
Lenaneo le ne le kgaogantswe ka dikarolo di le pedi. Letamo la Letsibogo le agiwa ka karolo ya ntlha ka diphaepe tsa boleele jwa dikilomitara di le makgolo a mararo le masome a marataro go isa metsi a a leswe kwa borwa kwa a tlhatswiwang teng kwa Mmamashia, dikilomitara tse di lesome le botlhano kwa bokonebotlhaba jwa Gaborone. Kwa tshimologong ya karolo e go ne go dirisiwa letamo la Bokaa ele letangwana, mme go ne ga tsewa tshwetso ya go aga letangwana le le khurumditsweng gaufi le Gaborone go fokotsa tatlhegelo ya metsi ka go fetoga go nna mouwane. Letamo la bobedi la Dikgatlhong la agiwa kwa molapong wa Shashe ka karolo ya bobedi. Phaephe ya bobedi e e tla bapisanang le ya ntlha e tla isa metsi kwa go tllhatswiwang metsi teng le kwa letangwaneng gaufi le Gaborone.
Karolo ya ntlha ya diphaephe e ne e tsaya metsi go tswa letamong la Letsibogo go bapisa stela ya botlhaba le seporo go ya Gaborone. Moalo wa diphaephe o ne o akaretsa diteishene di le nne tsa dipompo le lefelo le go tklhwatswiwang metsi kwa go lone kwa bokone jwa Gaborone. Diteishene ts dimpompo di ne di go nna kwa Letsibogo, moralane, Palapye le Serorome Valley. Seteishene sa Serorome se ne sa tlolosiwa gore se tle se tlhabololwe moragonyana. Go tla nna le ditanka tse di fokotsang bokete jwa metsi kwa Moralane, thaba ya Thoti, Mameno le Lose. Ditoropo le metse e e mo tseleng di tla sielwa metsi a a tswang kwa Palapye, a nosa Morupule le Serowe, le kwa Mahalapye a nosa Kalamare le Shoshong. Metsi a a tswang kwa didibeng a tla tsengwa mo diphaepeng kwa PallaRoad le Mmamabula, mme a tshelwe gape kwa letamong la Bokaa.
Kago
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]NSC-1
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]Letamo la Letsibogo le ne le agetswe lephata la ditswammung, kgotetso le Metsi ke Arup, e e neng e okametse go agiwa ga mabeelo a metsi le bogare jwa letamo. Letsibogo e boeng jwa di mitara di le milione. J Burrow e ne ya isa ditirelo tsa boenjeneere di akaretsa leano,dipampiri tsa konteraka le go etelela pele go tlhopha kompone e e tla agang mo karolong ya NSC-1.
Bophara jwa diphaepe tse di neng di dirisiwa mo NSC-1 bo ne bo tswa kwa mithareng o le mongwe le bone go ya kwa go bongwe le motso o le mongwe. Phaephe e ne e dirwa ka polaseteke e e nonotshitsweng ka galase le tshipi. E ne ya tsengwa mo moseleng, ya epelwa mo mmung mo moselelng wa bophara jwa di mithara di le masome a mararo. Lenaneo le ne le akaretsa phaephe, le diseteishane tse di pompang le lefelo le go tlhatswiwang metsi kwa go lone. Kago e tsere dingwaga di le tlhano. Lenaneo le lopile madi a kanang ka dimilione di le makgolo a mararo le masome a matlhano, mme e simolotse go breka ka ngwaga wa 2000.
Go ne ga nna le bothata ka go ala diphaepe tse di nonofaditsweng ka galase,se sa baka tiego mo fetseng lenaneo ka nako e neng e beilwe ya Ferikgong ngwaga wa 1999. Go ne ga sutisiwa letsatsi le go ya kwa go Seetebosigo ngwaga ya 2000 e le yone goneng ga seka ga fediwa ka yone ka ntata ya go tlhoka go dira sentle ga diphaepe le dipompo. Se se ne sa baka koketsego ya madi go tswa kwa go a neng a akanyeditswe a milione le dikete tse di makgolo a mabedi go ya kwa go milione le makgolo a matlhano. Fa e sale e bulwa NSc-1 e nnile le mathata a go ikanyega. Ka Moranang 2012 monna o neng a batlisisa ka ditswammung o ne a tsena ka mosele wa diphaephe mme a baka gore phaephe e thubege, mme metsi a di lithara di le sekete ka sephatlo sa motsotso a tshologela mo lefastheng le le gautshwane a epa khuti e e boteng. Metsi a ne a tswalwa mo dikgaolong tse di foo go fitlhela go baakangwa.
Metswedi
[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]- ↑ "Our Track Record".J. Burrow.Retrieved 2012-09-22
- ↑ Modikwa,Onalenna.13 December 2011."Dikgatlhong dam complete ahead of schedule".Mmegi.Archived from the original on 21 June 2015.Retrieved 2012-09-21.
- ↑ "Feasibility Design Study on the Utilization of the Water Resources of the Chobe/Zambezi River".(August 2010).Ministry of Minerals, Energy and Water Resources - Department of Water Affairs.Retrieved 2012-09-22.
- ↑ Central Statistics Office.(October 2009)."BOTSWANA WATER STATISTICS"..Retrieved 2012-09-22.
- ↑ Swanepoel,Esmarie.11 November 2008."Botswana water utility plans to duplicate North South carrier scheme".Engineering News. Retrieved 2012-09-22.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Bevanger,Kjetil.December 1994."The North-South Carrier Water Project in Botswana. A review of environmental impact assessments".Norwegian Institute for Nature Research.Trondheim.ISBN 82-426-0531-9.
- ↑ UNEP.(2005)."Hydropolitical Vulnerability And Resilience Along International Waters: Africa".UNEP/Earthprint.ISBN 978-92-807-2575-9.Retrieved 2012-09-22.
- ↑ United Nations Economic Commission for Africa.(2009-12-04)."African Economic Outlook 2009 Country Notes: Volumes 1 and 2: Country Notes: Volumes 1 and 2".OECD Publishing.ISBN 978-92-64-07618-1.Retrieved 2012-09-22.